Puvirajesinghe Tania M, Turnbull Jeremy E
Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 10039 Marseille, France.
Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
Metabolites. 2012 Nov 28;2(4):1060-89. doi: 10.3390/metabo2041060.
The glycosaminoglycan heparan sulphate (HS) has a heterogeneous structure; evidence shows that specific structures may be responsible for specific functions in biological processes such as blood coagulation and regulation of growth factor signalling. This review summarises the different experimental tools and methods developed to provide more rapid methods for studying the structure and functions of HS. Rapid and sensitive methods for the facile purification of HS, from tissue and cell sources are reviewed. Data sets for the structural analysis are often complex and include multiple sample sets, therefore different software and tools have been developed for the analysis of different HS data sets. These can be readily applied to chromatographic data sets for the simplification of data (e.g., charge separation using strong anion exchange chromatography and from size separation using gel filtration techniques. Finally, following the sequencing of the human genome, research has rapidly advanced with the introduction of high throughput technologies to carry out simultaneous analyses of many samples. Microarrays to study macromolecular interactions (including glycan arrays) have paved the way for bioassay technologies which utilize cell arrays to study the effects of multiple macromolecules on cells. Glycan bioassay technologies are described in which immobilisation techniques for saccharides are exploited to develop a platform to probe cell responses such as signalling pathway activation. This review aims at reviewing available techniques and tools for the purification, analysis and bioassay of HS saccharides in biological systems using "glycomics" approaches.
糖胺聚糖硫酸乙酰肝素（HS）具有异质结构；有证据表明，特定结构可能在诸如血液凝固和生长因子信号调节等生物过程中发挥特定功能。本综述总结了为提供更快速的方法来研究HS的结构和功能而开发的不同实验工具和方法。文中回顾了从组织和细胞来源轻松纯化HS的快速且灵敏的方法。用于结构分析的数据集通常很复杂，包括多个样本集，因此已开发出不同的软件和工具来分析不同的HS数据集。这些工具可轻松应用于色谱数据集以简化数据（例如，使用强阴离子交换色谱进行电荷分离，以及使用凝胶过滤技术进行尺寸分离）。最后，随着人类基因组测序的完成，随着高通量技术的引入以对多个样本进行同步分析，研究迅速取得进展。用于研究大分子相互作用的微阵列（包括聚糖阵列）为生物测定技术铺平了道路，这些技术利用细胞阵列来研究多种大分子对细胞的影响。文中描述了聚糖生物测定技术，其中利用糖类的固定化技术开发了一个平台，以探测细胞反应，如信号通路激活。本综述旨在使用“糖组学”方法回顾生物系统中HS糖类的纯化、分析和生物测定的现有技术和工具。
