Department of Philosophy,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,BC V6T 1Z1,
Behav Brain Sci. 2014 Jun;37(3):257-8. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X13002847.
Smaldino's proposed extension of the theory of cultural evolution embraces emergent group-level traits. We argue, instead, that group-level traits reduce to the traits of individuals, particularly when it comes to the question of how group-level traits are inherited or transmitted, and that this metaphysical fact is integral to the theory of cultural evolution.
斯玛尔迪诺提出的文化进化理论扩展包含了新兴的群体水平特征。相反，我们认为，群体水平特征可以归结为个体的特征，特别是在涉及群体水平特征如何遗传或传播的问题上，而这个形而上学的事实是文化进化理论的组成部分。
