Department of Philosophy,University of Bristol,Bristol BS8 1TB,
Behav Brain Sci. 2014 Jun;37(3):268-9. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X13002963.
All group traits, "emergent" or otherwise, are ultimately dependent on the traits and behaviours of the individuals that constitute the group. Unless a process of "group reproduction" is envisaged, this means that the evolution of group traits can in principle be studied in an individualistic way, by studying the dynamics of the underlying individual traits on which they depend.
所有群体特征，无论是“涌现”的还是其他的，最终都依赖于构成群体的个体的特征和行为。除非设想了“群体繁殖”的过程，否则这意味着可以通过研究它们所依赖的基础个体特征的动态，以个体主义的方式原则上研究群体特征的演化。
