Phenotypic spectrum of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome, with several underlying etiologic and pathophysiologic factors. The heterogeneity of the HFpEF syndrome may explain why (1) diagnosing and treating HFpEF is so challenging and (2) clinical trials in HFpEF have failed thus far. Here we describe 4 ways of categorizing HFpEF based on pathophysiology, clinical/etiologic subtype, type of clinical presentation, and quantitative phenomics (phenomapping analysis). Regardless of the classification method used, improved phenotypic characterization of HFpEF, and matching targeted therapies with specific HFpEF subtypes, will be a critical step towards improving outcomes in this increasingly prevalent syndrome.