Flessas Konstantinos, Mylonas Dimitris, Panagiotaropoulou Georgia, Tsopani Despina, Korda Alexandrea, Siettos Constantinos, Di Cagno Alessandra, Evdokimidis Ioannis, Smyrnis Nikolaos
1Sports Medicine Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GREECE; 2School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GREECE; 3School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, GREECE; 4Gymnastics Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GREECE; 5Department of Health Sciences, "Foro Italico" University of Rome, Rome, ITALY; 6Neurology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, GREECE; 7Laboratory of Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, GREECE; and 8Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, GREECE.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 Mar;47(3):640-8. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000425.
Rhythmic gymnastics (RG) is an aesthetic event balancing between art and sport that also has a performance rating system (Code of Points) given by the International Gymnastics Federation. It is one of the sports in which competition results greatly depend on the judges' evaluation. In the current study, we explored the judges' performance in a five-gymnast ensemble routine.
An expert-novice paradigm (10 international-level, 10 national-level, and 10 novice-level judges) was implemented under a fully simulated procedure of judgment in a five-gymnast ensemble routine of RG using two videos of routines performed by the Greek national team of RG. Simultaneous recordings of two-dimensional eye movements were taken during the judgment procedure to assess the percentage of time spent by each judge viewing the videos and fixation performance of each judge when an error in gymnast performance had occurred.
All judge level groups had very modest performance of error recognition on gymnasts' routines, and the best international judges reported approximately 40% of true errors. Novice judges spent significantly more time viewing the videos compared with national and international judges and spent significantly more time fixating detected errors than the other two groups. National judges were the only group that made efficient use of fixation to detect errors.
The fact that international-level judges outperformed both other groups, while not relying on visual fixation to detect errors, suggests that these experienced judges probably make use of other cognitive strategies, increasing their overall error detection efficiency, which was, however, still far below optimum.
艺术体操是一项在艺术与体育之间寻求平衡的审美赛事，同时还有国际体操联合会给出的一套评分系统（评分规则）。它是一类比赛结果很大程度上取决于裁判评判的运动项目。在本研究中，我们探讨了裁判在五人团体成套动作中的表现。
采用专家 - 新手范式（10名国际级、10名国家级和10名新手级裁判），在完全模拟的评判程序下，让裁判观看希腊国家艺术体操队表演的两段成套动作视频，对五人团体成套动作进行评判。在评判过程中同步记录二维眼动情况，以评估每位裁判观看视频所花费的时间百分比，以及在体操运动员出现失误时每位裁判的注视表现。
所有裁判级别组在体操运动员成套动作的失误识别方面表现都很一般，最佳的国际级裁判识别出的真正失误约为40%。与国家级和国际级裁判相比，新手裁判观看视频花费的时间显著更多，并且在注视已检测到的失误上花费的时间也比其他两组显著更多。国家级裁判是唯一有效利用注视来检测失误的组别。
国际级裁判的表现优于其他两组，但他们并不依赖视觉注视来检测失误，这一事实表明，这些经验丰富的裁判可能运用了其他认知策略，从而提高了他们整体的失误检测效率，不过，该效率仍远低于最佳水平。
