Hurley Brian K, Martens Peter A, Janata Petr
Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis.
School of Music, Texas Tech University.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2014 Aug;40(4):1679-96. doi: 10.1037/a0037154. Epub 2014 Jun 30.
Music often evokes spontaneous movements in listeners that are synchronized with the music, a phenomenon that has been characterized as being in "the groove." However, the musical factors that contribute to listeners' initiation of stimulus-coupled action remain unclear. Evidence suggests that newly appearing objects in auditory scenes orient listeners' attention, and that in multipart music, newly appearing instrument or voice parts can engage listeners' attention and elicit arousal. We posit that attentional engagement with music can influence listeners' spontaneous stimulus-coupled movement. Here, 2 experiments-involving participants with and without musical training-tested the effect of staggering instrument entrances across time and varying the number of concurrent instrument parts within novel multipart music on listeners' engagement with the music, as assessed by spontaneous sensorimotor behavior and self-reports. Experiment 1 assessed listeners' moment-to-moment ratings of perceived groove, and Experiment 2 examined their spontaneous tapping and head movements. We found that, for both musically trained and untrained participants, music with more instruments led to higher ratings of perceived groove, and that music with staggered instrument entrances elicited both increased sensorimotor coupling and increased reports of perceived groove. Although untrained participants were more likely to rate music as higher in groove, trained participants showed greater propensity for tapping along, and they did so more accurately. The quality of synchronization of head movements with the music, however, did not differ as a function of training. Our results shed new light on the relationship between complex musical scenes, attention, and spontaneous sensorimotor behavior.
音乐常常能唤起听众与音乐同步的自发动作，这种现象被描述为“沉浸其中”。然而，促成听众产生与刺激耦合的动作的音乐因素仍不明确。有证据表明，听觉场景中新出现的物体能引导听众的注意力，并且在多声部音乐中，新出现的乐器或声部能吸引听众的注意力并引发兴奋。我们认为，对音乐的注意力投入会影响听众的自发刺激耦合运动。在此，两项实验——涉及有音乐训练和无音乐训练的参与者——测试了在新颖的多声部音乐中，随着时间推移错开乐器进入的时机以及改变同时发声的乐器声部数量对听众与音乐投入程度的影响，这通过自发的感觉运动行为和自我报告来评估。实验1评估了听众对感知到的沉浸感的即时评分，实验2则考察了他们的自发敲击和头部运动。我们发现，对于有音乐训练和无音乐训练的参与者来说，乐器更多的音乐导致更高的感知沉浸感评分，并且乐器进入时机错开的音乐既引发了更强的感觉运动耦合，也增加了感知沉浸感的报告。虽然未受过训练的参与者更倾向于将音乐评为沉浸感更高，但受过训练的参与者表现出更强的跟着节奏敲击的倾向，而且他们敲击得更准确。然而，头部运动与音乐的同步质量并没有因训练而有所不同。我们的研究结果为复杂音乐场景、注意力和自发感觉运动行为之间的关系提供了新的见解。
