Yang Chih-Ching, Yao Chien-An, Lin Yi-Ruu, Yang Jyh-Chin, Chien Chiang-Ting
Department of Planning, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Department of Family Medicine, Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 1;9(7):e96006. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096006. eCollection 2014.
Deep-sea water (DSW), which is rich in micronutrients and minerals and with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities, may be developed as marine drugs to provide intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers. We determined several characteristics in the modified DSW. We explored duodenal pressure, oxygenation, microvascular blood flow, and changes in pH and oxidative redox potential (ORP) values within the stomach and duodenum in response to tap water (TW, hardness: 2.48 ppm), DSW600 (hardness: 600 ppm), and DSW1200 (hardness: 1200 ppm) in Wistar rats and analyzed oxidative stress and apoptosis gene expressions by cDNA and RNA microarrays in the duodenal epithelium. We compared the effects of drinking DSW, MgCl2, and selenium water on duodenal ulcers using pathologic scoring, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blotting. Our results showed DSW has a higher pH value, lower ORP value, higher scavenging H2O2 and HOCl activity, higher Mg2+ concentrations, and micronutrients selenium compared with TW samples. Water infusion significantly increased intestinal pressure, O2 levels, and microvascular blood flow in DSW and TW groups. Microarray showed DSW600, DSW1200, selenium water upregulated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes and downregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression compared with the TW group. Drinking DSW600, DSW1200, and selenium water but not Mg2+ water significantly enhanced Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 expression. Bax/Bcl-2/caspase 3/poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase signaling was activated during the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration. DSW drinking reduced ulcer area as well as apoptotic signaling in acetic acid-induced duodenal ulcers. DSW, which contains selenium, provides intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers through the upregulation of Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1.
深海海水（DSW）富含微量营养素和矿物质，具有抗氧化和抗炎特性，有望开发为海洋药物，为十二指肠溃疡提供肠道保护。我们测定了改性深海海水中的几个特性。我们研究了Wistar大鼠饮用自来水（TW，硬度：2.48 ppm）、DSW600（硬度：600 ppm）和DSW1200（硬度：1200 ppm）后，胃和十二指肠内的十二指肠压力、氧合、微血管血流量以及pH值和氧化还原电位（ORP）值的变化，并通过cDNA和RNA微阵列分析十二指肠上皮中的氧化应激和凋亡基因表达。我们使用病理评分、免疫组织化学分析和蛋白质印迹法比较了饮用DSW、MgCl2和硒水对十二指肠溃疡的影响。我们的结果表明，与TW样本相比，DSW的pH值更高、ORP值更低、清除H2O2和HOCl的活性更高、Mg2+浓度更高，并且含有微量营养素硒。注水显著增加了DSW组和TW组的肠道压力、O2水平和微血管血流量。微阵列显示，与TW组相比，DSW600、DSW1200和硒水上调了抗氧化和抗凋亡基因，下调了促凋亡基因表达。饮用DSW600、DSW1200和硒水而非Mg2+水可显著增强Bcl-2和硫氧还蛋白还原酶1的表达。在十二指肠溃疡发病过程中，Bax/Bcl-2/caspase 3/聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶信号通路被激活。饮用DSW可减少乙酸诱导的十二指肠溃疡的溃疡面积以及凋亡信号。含有硒的DSW通过上调Bcl-2和硫氧还蛋白还原酶1为十二指肠溃疡提供肠道保护。
