Samek Diana R, Keyes Margaret A, Hicks Brian M, Bailey Jennifer, McGue Matt, Iacono William G
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014 Jul;75(4):623-34. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.623.
This study builds on previous work delineating a hierarchical model of family environmental risk in relation to a hierarchical model of externalizing disorders (EXTs) by evaluating for gene-environment interplay in these relationships. The associations between parent-child relationship quality (conflict, bonding, and management) and substance-specific adolescent family environments (parental/sibling tobacco/alcohol use) in relation to young adult EXTs (age ∼22 years nicotine, alcohol, and other drug dependence; antisocial and risky sexual behavior) were evaluated.
The sample included 533 adopted offspring and 323 biological offspring. Because adopted youth do not share genes with their parents, a significant association between parent-child relationship quality and EXTs would provide evidence against passive gene-environment correlation (rGE). Significant associations between parental tobacco/alcohol use in relation to offspring nicotine/alcohol dependence in the adopted offspring support common environmental influence. Significant associations detected for the biological offspring only suggest common genetic influence.
For both adoptive and biological offspring, there was a significant association between parent-child relationship quality and EXTs. Parental tobacco/alcohol use was unrelated to EXTs. Sibling tobacco/alcohol use was related to EXTs, but only for the biological siblings. Parental tobacco use was associated with the residual variance in nicotine dependence in adopted offspring.
Findings replicate a long-term influence of adolescent parent-child relationship quality on adult EXTs. Findings extend previous research by providing evidence against passive rGE in this association. The association between parental tobacco use and adult nicotine dependence appears to be environmentally mediated, but caution is warranted as we found this relationship only for adopted youth.
本研究基于先前的工作，通过评估这些关系中的基因-环境相互作用，构建了一个与外化障碍（EXTs）分层模型相关的家庭环境风险分层模型。评估了亲子关系质量（冲突、亲密关系和管理）与特定物质的青少年家庭环境（父母/兄弟姐妹吸烟/饮酒）与青年成人EXTs（约22岁时的尼古丁、酒精和其他药物依赖；反社会和危险性行为）之间的关联。
样本包括533名领养子女和323名亲生孩子。由于领养的青少年与其父母没有共同基因，亲子关系质量与EXTs之间的显著关联将提供证据反驳被动基因-环境相关性（rGE）。领养子女中父母吸烟/饮酒与子女尼古丁/酒精依赖之间的显著关联支持共同环境影响。仅在亲生孩子中检测到的显著关联表明存在共同遗传影响。
对于领养子女和亲生孩子，亲子关系质量与EXTs之间均存在显著关联。父母吸烟/饮酒与EXTs无关。兄弟姐妹吸烟/饮酒与EXTs有关，但仅适用于亲生兄弟姐妹。父母吸烟与领养子女尼古丁依赖的残差方差相关。
研究结果重复了青少年亲子关系质量对成人EXTs的长期影响。研究结果通过提供证据反驳这种关联中的被动rGE扩展了先前的研究。父母吸烟与成人尼古丁依赖之间的关联似乎是由环境介导的，但由于我们仅在领养青年中发现了这种关系，因此需要谨慎对待。
