Goldstein Donna M, Stawkowski Magdalena E
Department of Anthropology Hale Building, Campus Box 233, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0233, USA,
J Hist Biol. 2015 Spring;48(1):67-98. doi: 10.1007/s10739-014-9385-0.
This article traces disagreements about the genetic effects of low-dose radiation exposure as waged by James Neel (1915-2000), a central figure in radiation studies of Japanese populations after World War II, and Yuri Dubrova (1955-), who analyzed the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. In a 1996 article in Nature, Dubrova reported a statistically significant increase in the minisatellite (junk) DNA mutation rate in the children of parents who received a high dose of radiation from the Chernobyl accident, contradicting studies that found no significant inherited genetic effects among offspring of Japanese A-bomb survivors. Neel's subsequent defense of his large-scale longitudinal studies of the genetic effects of ionizing radiation consolidated current scientific understandings of low-dose ionizing radiation. The article seeks to explain how the Hiroshima/Nagasaki data remain hegemonic in radiation studies, contextualizing the debate with attention to the perceived inferiority of Soviet genetic science during the Cold War.
本文追溯了詹姆斯·尼尔（1915 - 2000）和尤里·杜布罗娃（1955 - ）之间关于低剂量辐射暴露遗传效应的分歧。詹姆斯·尼尔是二战后日本人群辐射研究的核心人物，尤里·杜布罗娃分析了1986年的切尔诺贝利核电站事故。在1996年发表于《自然》杂志的一篇文章中，杜布罗娃报告称，在切尔诺贝利事故中接受高剂量辐射的父母所生子女的小卫星（垃圾）DNA突变率在统计学上有显著增加，这与那些在日本原子弹爆炸幸存者后代中未发现显著遗传效应的研究相矛盾。尼尔随后对其关于电离辐射遗传效应的大规模纵向研究的辩护巩固了当前对低剂量电离辐射的科学认识。本文旨在解释广岛/长崎的数据在辐射研究中如何仍然占据主导地位，并结合冷战期间苏联遗传科学被视为 inferiority 的背景来阐述这场辩论。 （注：inferiority 此处翻译为“劣势地位”，但原文可能表述有误，推测应为“inferior”，表示“劣势的、次等的”）
