Neutrophil extracellular traps in sepsis.

Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients in intensive care units. Early recognition of sepsis and proper therapy are essential to reduce patient mortality. Moreover, treatment options for this deleterious inflammatory response to infection are limited. Neutrophils play an essential role in the innate immune response, providing the first line of host defense. It has recently been shown that these cells can trap and kill microorganisms by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of chromatin and antimicrobial proteins. Although the beneficial role of NETs during infections has been demonstrated, there is increasing evidence that NETs and their components contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases, including sepsis. The aim of this review was to summarize the current evidence implicating NETs, as well as their components, in the development of sepsis and to discuss their potential use as novel therapeutic targets and as prognostic markers in septic patients.