College of Environment Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China.
School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, P.R. China.
Environ Int. 2014 Oct;71:118-38. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.013. Epub 2014 Jul 11.
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs), including polychloromethanes, polychloroethanes and polychloroethylenes, are widely used as solvents, degreasing agents and a variety of commercial products. These compounds belong to a group of ubiquitous contaminants that can be found in contaminated soil, air and any kind of fluvial mediums such as groundwater, rivers and lakes. This review presents a summary of the research concerning the production levels and sources of Cl-VOCs, their potential impacts on human health as well as state-of-the-art remediation technologies. Important sources of Cl-VOCs principally include the emissions from industrial processes, the consumption of Cl-VOC-containing products, the disinfection process, as well as improper storage and disposal methods. Human exposure to Cl-VOCs can occur through different routes, including ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. The toxicological impacts of these compounds have been carefully assessed, and the results demonstrate the potential associations of cancer incidence with exposure to Cl-VOCs. Most Cl-VOCs thus have been listed as priority pollutants by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of China, Environmental Protection Agency of the U.S. (U.S. EPA) and European Commission (EC), and are under close monitor and strict control. Yet, more efforts will be put into the epidemiological studies for the risk of human exposure to Cl-VOCs and the exposure level measurements in contaminated sites in the future. State-of-the-art remediation technologies for Cl-VOCs employ non-destructive methods and destructive methods (e.g. thermal incineration, phytoremediation, biodegradation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and reductive dechlorination), whose advantages, drawbacks and future developments are thoroughly discussed in the later sections.
氯化挥发性有机化合物（Cl-VOCs），包括多氯甲烷、多氯乙烷和多氯乙烯，被广泛用作溶剂、脱脂剂和各种商业产品。这些化合物属于一类普遍存在的污染物，可在污染土壤、空气以及地下水、河流和湖泊等各种河流介质中找到。本综述总结了有关 Cl-VOCs 的产生水平和来源、对人类健康的潜在影响以及最先进的修复技术的研究。Cl-VOCs 的重要来源主要包括工业过程排放、含 Cl-VOC 产品的消耗、消毒过程以及不当的储存和处置方法。人类接触 Cl-VOCs 可通过不同途径发生，包括摄入、吸入和皮肤接触。这些化合物的毒理学影响已得到仔细评估，结果表明与接触 Cl-VOCs 相关的癌症发病率的潜在关联。因此，中国环境保护部（MEP）、美国环境保护署（U.S. EPA）和欧盟委员会（EC）已将大多数 Cl-VOCs 列为优先污染物，并进行密切监测和严格控制。然而，未来将投入更多的努力进行流行病学研究，以评估人类接触 Cl-VOCs 的风险以及污染场地的暴露水平。Cl-VOCs 的最先进修复技术采用非破坏性方法和破坏性方法（例如热焚烧、植物修复、生物降解、高级氧化工艺（AOPs）和还原脱氯），后文将详细讨论这些方法的优缺点和未来发展。
