Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University New York, NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University New York, NY, USA.
Front Neurosci. 2014 Jun 26;8:182. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00182. eCollection 2014.
Neurogenesis continues well beyond embryonic and early postnatal ages in three areas of the nervous system. The subgranular zone supplies new neurons to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The subventricular zone supplies new interneurons to the olfactory bulb, and the olfactory neuroepithelia generate new excitatory sensory neurons that send their axons to the olfactory bulb. The latter two areas are of particular interest as they contribute new neurons to both ends of a first-level circuit governing olfactory perception. The vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium comprise the primary peripheral olfactory epithelia. These anatomically distinct areas share common features, as each exhibits extensive neurogenesis well beyond the juvenile phase of development. Here we will discuss the effect of age on the structural and functional significance of neurogenesis in the vomeronasal and olfactory epithelia, from juvenile to advanced adult ages, in several common model systems. We will next discuss how age affects the regenerative capacity of these neural stem cells in response to injury. Finally, we will consider the integration of newborn neurons into an existing circuit as it is modified by the age of the animal.
神经发生在神经系统的三个区域中远远超出胚胎期和早期产后期。颗粒下区为海马回的齿状回提供新的神经元。室下区为嗅球提供新的中间神经元，嗅神经上皮产生新的兴奋性感觉神经元，其轴突投射到嗅球。后两个区域特别有趣，因为它们为嗅觉感知的一级回路的两端提供新的神经元。犁鼻器和主嗅觉上皮构成了主要的外周嗅觉上皮。这些解剖上不同的区域具有共同的特征，因为每个区域在发育的青少年阶段之后都表现出广泛的神经发生。在这里，我们将讨论年龄对几种常见模型系统中犁鼻器和嗅觉上皮神经发生的结构和功能意义的影响，从青少年到成年后期。接下来，我们将讨论年龄如何影响这些神经干细胞在受伤后的再生能力。最后，我们将考虑新生神经元在动物年龄变化时如何整合到现有的回路中。
