应急准备与响应学习中心：推进公共卫生应急准备与响应培训的标准化评估
The Preparedness and Emergency Response Learning Centers: advancing standardized evaluation of public health preparedness and response trainings.
作者信息
Hites Lisle S, Sass Marcia M, D'Ambrosio Luann, Brown Lisa M, Wendelboe Aaron M, Peters Karen E, Sobelson Robyn K
机构信息
The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health (Dr Hites); School of Public Health, Department of Health Systems and Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden (Dr Sass); Northwest Center for Public Health Practice, University of Washington, Seattle (Ms D'Ambrosio); College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa (Dr Brown); The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (Dr Wendelboe); University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr Peters); and Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Sobelson).
出版信息
J Public Health Manag Pract. 2014 Sep-Oct;20 Suppl 5:S17-23. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000066.
INTRODUCTION
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funded Preparedness and Emergency Response Learning Centers (PERLCs) across the United States. The PERLCs provide training to state, local, and tribal public health organizations to meet workforce development needs in the areas of public health preparedness and response, specialized training, education, and consultation.
METHODS/ACTIVITY: Using Donald Kirkpatrick's training evaluation model, the PERLC network established 4 evaluation working groups that developed evaluation criteria to address each level of the model. The purpose of the working groups was to inform and promote center-level and program-level evaluation across the PERLC network; identify common training evaluation methods and measures; and share materials, resources, and lessons learned with state, local, and tribal public health organizations for potential replication.
RESULTS/OUTCOMES: The evaluation of education and training, irrespective of its modality (eg, in-person, online, webinars, seminars, symposia) can be accomplished using Kirkpatrick's 4-level taxonomy.
DISCUSSION
The 4 levels aim to measure the following aspects of training programs: (1) trainees' reaction; (2) knowledge acquired, skills improved, or attitudes changed; (3) behavior changed; and (4) results or impact. To successfully evaluate emergency preparedness training, drills and exercises, it is necessary to understand the fundamental tenets of each level and how to apply each to measure training outcomes.
LESSONS LEARNED/NEXT STEPS: The PERLC evaluators have adopted the basic schema of Kirkpatrick's 4-level model and applied its structure to a wide variety of preparedness and emergency response training and related activities. The PERLC evaluation working groups successfully developed and tested survey methods and instruments for each of the 4 levels of Kirkpatrick's training evaluation model. Each can be used for replication by state, local, and tribal public health professionals.
引言
美国疾病控制与预防中心资助了全美各地的应急准备与响应学习中心（PERLCs）。这些学习中心为州、地方和部落公共卫生组织提供培训，以满足公共卫生应急准备与响应、专业培训、教育及咨询等领域的劳动力发展需求。
方法/活动：利用唐纳德·柯克帕特里克的培训评估模型，PERLC网络成立了4个评估工作组，这些工作组制定了评估标准以涵盖该模型的各个层次。工作组的目的是为PERLC网络中的中心层面和项目层面评估提供信息并加以推动；确定常见的培训评估方法和措施；并与州、地方和部落公共卫生组织分享材料、资源及经验教训以供其可能的推广应用。
结果/成果：无论教育和培训的形式如何（如面对面、在线、网络研讨会、研讨会、专题讨论会），都可以使用柯克帕特里克的四级分类法进行评估。
讨论
这四个层次旨在衡量培训项目的以下方面：（1）学员的反应；（2）获得的知识、提高的技能或改变的态度；（3）改变的行为；以及（4）结果或影响。要成功评估应急准备培训、演练和演习，有必要了解每个层次的基本原理以及如何应用每个层次来衡量培训成果。
经验教训/后续步骤：PERLC评估人员采用了柯克帕特里克四级模型的基本架构，并将其结构应用于各种应急准备与响应培训及相关活动。PERLC评估工作组成功开发并测试了柯克帕特里克培训评估模型四个层次中每个层次的调查方法和工具。每个层次都可供州、地方和部落公共卫生专业人员推广使用。
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