Nualart Francisco, Mack Lauren, García Andrea, Cisternas Pedro, Bongarzone Ernesto R, Heitzer Marjet, Jara Nery, Martínez Fernando, Ferrada Luciano, Espinoza Francisca, Baeza Victor, Salazar Katterine
Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, USA.
J Stem Cell Res Ther. 2014 May 19;4(5):209. doi: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000209.
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient in the human diet; its deficiency leads to a number of symptoms and ultimately death. After entry into cells within the central nervous system (CNS) through sodium vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) and facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), vitamin C functions as a neuromodulator, enzymatic cofactor, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger; it also stimulates differentiation. In this review, we will compare the molecular and structural aspects of vitamin C and glucose transporters and their expression in endothelial or choroid plexus cells, which form part of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, respectively. Additionally, we will describe SVCT and GLUT expression in different cells of the brain as well as SVCT2 distribution in tanycytes and astrocytes of the hypothalamic region. Finally, we will describe vitamin C recycling in the brain, which is mediated by a metabolic interaction between astrocytes and neurons, and the role of the "bystander effect" in the recycling mechanism of vitamin C in both normal and pathological conditions.
维生素C是人类饮食中必需的微量营养素；其缺乏会导致多种症状并最终导致死亡。维生素C通过钠维生素C转运体（SVCT）和易化葡萄糖转运体（GLUT）进入中枢神经系统（CNS）内的细胞后，发挥神经调节剂、酶辅因子和活性氧（ROS）清除剂的作用；它还能刺激分化。在本综述中，我们将比较维生素C和葡萄糖转运体的分子和结构方面，以及它们在内皮细胞或脉络丛细胞中的表达，这些细胞分别构成血脑屏障和血脑脊液（CSF）屏障的一部分。此外，我们将描述SVCT和GLUT在脑不同细胞中的表达，以及SVCT2在下丘脑区域的伸长细胞和星形胶质细胞中的分布。最后，我们将描述脑中维生素C的循环，它由星形胶质细胞和神经元之间的代谢相互作用介导，以及“旁观者效应”在正常和病理条件下维生素C循环机制中的作用。
