Ulbrich Claudia, Wehland Markus, Pietsch Jessica, Aleshcheva Ganna, Wise Petra, van Loon Jack, Magnusson Nils, Infanger Manfred, Grosse Jirka, Eilles Christoph, Sundaresan Alamelu, Grimm Daniela
Department of Physiology, Membrane Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:928507. doi: 10.1155/2014/928507. Epub 2014 Jul 10.
How microgravity affects the biology of human cells and the formation of 3D cell cultures in real and simulated microgravity (r- and s-µg) is currently a hot topic in biomedicine. In r- and s-µg, various cell types were found to form 3D structures. This review will focus on the current knowledge of tissue engineering in space and on Earth using systems such as the random positioning machine (RPM), the 2D-clinostat, or the NASA-developed rotating wall vessel bioreactor (RWV) to create tissue from bone, tumor, and mesenchymal stem cells. To understand the development of 3D structures, in vitro experiments using s-µg devices can provide valuable information about modulations in signal-transduction, cell adhesion, or extracellular matrix induced by altered gravity conditions. These systems also facilitate the analysis of the impact of growth factors, hormones, or drugs on these tissue-like constructs. Progress has been made in bone tissue engineering using the RWV, and multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS), formed in both r- and s-µg, have been reported and were analyzed in depth. Currently, these MCTS are available for drug testing and proteomic investigations. This review provides an overview of the influence of µg on the aforementioned cells and an outlook for future perspectives in tissue engineering.
微重力如何影响人类细胞生物学以及在真实和模拟微重力环境（r-和s-µg）中三维细胞培养物的形成，是当前生物医学领域的一个热门话题。在r-和s-µg环境中，已发现多种细胞类型可形成三维结构。本综述将聚焦于利用随机定位机（RPM）、二维回转器或美国国家航空航天局开发的旋转壁式生物反应器（RWV）等系统在太空和地球上进行组织工程的现有知识，这些系统可利用骨、肿瘤和间充质干细胞构建组织。为了解三维结构的发育过程，使用s-µg设备进行的体外实验能够提供有关重力条件改变所诱导的信号转导、细胞黏附或细胞外基质调节的宝贵信息。这些系统还便于分析生长因子、激素或药物对这些类组织构建体的影响。利用RWV在骨组织工程方面已取得进展，并且已报道在r-和s-µg环境中形成的多细胞肿瘤球体（MCTS）并对其进行了深入分析。目前，这些MCTS可用于药物测试和蛋白质组学研究。本综述概述了µg对上述细胞的影响，并展望了组织工程的未来前景。
