Heath Acg, Levot G W
a National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease , AgResearch Wallaceville , PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt 5140 , New Zealand.
N Z Vet J. 2015 Jul;63(4):199-210. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2014.960500. Epub 2015 Apr 22.
This review outlines the history of parasiticide resistance in the principal ectoparasites of sheep and cattle in New Zealand and Australia, blowflies, buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua), sheep biting louse (Bovicola ovis) and cattle ticks, and discusses recent changes in their response to insecticides and acaricides. Mechanisms of resistance and evaluation methods are described, with ways in which insecticide resistance can be avoided or ameliorated also discussed. Resistance in sheep blowflies (Lucilia cuprina; L. sericata) to organophosphates and benzoylphenyl urea compounds is widespread in Australia and New Zealand, but there are lesser concerns about a pyrimidine carbonitrile product as well as cyromazine and macrocyclic lactone actives which still offer the promise of long-term protection. In Australia the effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroid and benzoylphenyl urea products against the biting louse of sheep have been reduced by widespread resistance but effective temephos, macrocyclic lactone, imidacloprid and spinosyn-based products are now available. Pyrethroid-resistant sheep lice are also present in New Zealand. Buffalo fly remains a significant problem in Australia and control relies heavily on insecticide use. Resistance to synthetic pyrethroids is widespread and organophosphate resistance common, but less evenly distributed. There is no evidence of resistance to acaricides used against the New Zealand cattle tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis and experience in Japan with the most commonly available active, flumethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid), suggests that this three-host tick is, in the short term, likely to remain susceptible. The same cannot be said for Rhipicephalus australis (formerly Boophilus microplus) which, in some strains, is highly resistant to many of the active ingredients in the acaricides used against it. A formamidine, a benzoylphenyl urea and macrocyclic lactones still show efficacy although some resistance is being detected to macrocyclic lactones in a few strains and the occurrence of resistance to the benzoylphenyl urea active in Brazil is ominous for Australian producers. Insecticide resistance is a price paid for improved livestock health, welfare and cost-effective animal production, but it can be managed through judicious and targeted use of insecticides, consideration of refugia, and observance of the principles of integrated pest management. The use of traps, biological control agents and judicious husbandry all have a role to play, but strict adherence to the correct application of insecticides and recognition of their capabilities and limitations is also required. Alternative methods of ectoparasite control and recommendations for their integration into preventative programmes are discussed briefly in this review.
本综述概述了新西兰和澳大利亚绵羊及牛的主要体表寄生虫（如丽蝇、水牛蝇（微小牛虻）、羊咬虱和牛蜱）对杀寄生虫剂产生抗药性的历史，并讨论了它们对杀虫剂和杀螨剂反应的近期变化。文中描述了抗药性机制和评估方法，还讨论了避免或减轻杀虫剂抗药性的方法。在澳大利亚和新西兰，绵羊丽蝇（铜绿蝇；丝光绿蝇）对有机磷和苯甲酰基苯基脲类化合物的抗药性普遍存在，但对嘧啶腈类产品以及环丙氨嗪和大环内酯类活性成分的担忧较小，这些成分仍有望提供长期保护。在澳大利亚，由于广泛的抗药性，合成拟除虫菊酯和苯甲酰基苯基脲类产品对绵羊咬虱的有效性已降低，但目前有有效的双硫磷、大环内酯类、吡虫啉和多杀菌素类产品。新西兰也存在对拟除虫菊酯具有抗性的绵羊虱。水牛蝇在澳大利亚仍然是一个重大问题，控制主要依赖于杀虫剂的使用。对合成拟除虫菊酯的抗药性普遍存在，对有机磷的抗药性也很常见，但分布不太均匀。没有证据表明针对新西兰牛蜱（长角血蜱）使用的杀螨剂产生了抗药性，并且在日本使用最常见的活性成分氟氯氰菊酯（一种合成拟除虫菊酯）的经验表明，这种三宿主蜱在短期内可能仍保持易感性。对于澳大利亚璃眼蜱（原微小牛蜱）则不然，在一些菌株中，它对用于防治它的杀螨剂中的许多活性成分具有高度抗性。一种甲脒、一种苯甲酰基苯基脲和大环内酯类仍然显示出疗效，尽管在少数菌株中检测到对大环内酯类有一些抗药性，并且在巴西对苯甲酰基苯基脲活性成分出现抗药性对澳大利亚生产者来说是不祥之兆。杀虫剂抗药性是为改善家畜健康、福利和具有成本效益的动物生产而付出的代价，但可以通过明智和有针对性地使用杀虫剂、考虑避难所和遵守综合虫害管理原则来进行管理。诱捕器、生物防治剂的使用和明智的饲养管理都能发挥作用，但也需要严格坚持正确使用杀虫剂并认识到它们的能力和局限性。本综述简要讨论了体表寄生虫控制的替代方法及其纳入预防计划的建议。
