Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Münster, Germany.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 Dec;58(12):2358-68. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201400406. Epub 2014 Oct 27.
In this study, the exposure of a German population (n = 101) to mycotoxins was assessed using an LC-MS/MS urinary multibiomarker approach. Food consumption of the participants was documented with a food frequency questionnaire to correlate mycotoxin exposure with individual nutritional habits.
The presence of 23 urinary biomarkers including trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), DON-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin (HT-2, HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronide (HT-2-GlcA), fumonisins (fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2), aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin M1), zearalenone and derivatives (zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalenone-14-O-glucuronide, zearalanone-14-O-glucuronide, α-zearalenol-14-O-glucuronide/β-zearalenol-14-O-glucuronide), ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha, enniatin B and dihydrocitrinone was evaluated using a validated, sensitive "dilute and shoot"-LC-MS/MS method applying Scheduled MRM(TM) technology. Six mycotoxins and urinary metabolites were detected (DON, DON-3-GlcA, zearalenone-14-O-glucuronide, T-2 toxin, enniatin B, and dihydrocitrinone) in 87% of the samples in single- or co-occurence. Only DON and DON-3-GlcA were detectable in quantifiable amounts. A provisional mean daily intake of 0.52 μg DON/kg body weight was calculated. No statistical evidence for the correlation of staple food intake and urinary biomarker concentration could be determined.
The results of this study suggest a low everyday exposure of the investigated German population to mycotoxins, but reveal peak exposures above the widely accepted tolerable daily intake to DON in parts of the population.
本研究采用 LC-MS/MS 尿液多生物标志物方法评估了德国人群（n=101）接触霉菌毒素的情况。通过食物频率问卷记录参与者的食物摄入情况，以将霉菌毒素暴露与个体营养习惯相关联。
采用 LC-MS/MS 方法检测了 23 种尿液生物标志物，包括单端孢霉烯族化合物（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、DON-3-葡糖苷酸（DON-3-GlcA）、T-2 毒素、HT-2 毒素（HT-2）、HT-2-毒素-4-葡糖苷酸（HT-2-GlcA）、伏马菌素（伏马菌素 B1、伏马菌素 B2）、黄曲霉毒素（黄曲霉毒素 B1、黄曲霉毒素 G2、黄曲霉毒素 B2、黄曲霉毒素 M1）、玉米赤霉烯酮及其衍生物（玉米赤霉烯酮、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮-14-O-葡糖苷酸、玉米赤霉烯酮-14-O-葡糖苷酸、α-玉米赤霉烯醇-14-O-葡糖苷酸/β-玉米赤霉烯醇-14-O-葡糖苷酸）、赭曲霉毒素 A、赭曲霉毒素 α、恩镰孢菌素 B 和二氢桔霉素。采用经过验证的灵敏“稀释后直接进样”-LC-MS/MS 方法，应用预定 MRM（TM）技术，评估了 6 种霉菌毒素和尿液代谢物的存在情况（DON、DON-3-GlcA、玉米赤霉烯酮-14-O-葡糖苷酸、T-2 毒素、恩镰孢菌素 B 和二氢桔霉素），在 87%的样本中单或共同存在。仅检测到 DON 和 DON-3-GlcA 的可定量数量。计算出暂定的每日平均摄入量为 0.52μg DON/kg 体重。未发现主食摄入量与尿液生物标志物浓度之间存在相关性的统计学证据。
本研究结果表明，所研究的德国人群接触霉菌毒素的日常暴露水平较低，但在人群中部分个体的暴露峰值高于广泛接受的 DON 可耐受日摄入量。
