Jung Yangjin, Jang Hyein, Matthews Karl R
Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
Microb Biotechnol. 2014 Nov;7(6):517-27. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.12178. Epub 2014 Sep 24.
The popularity in the consumption of fresh and fresh-cut vegetables continues to increase globally. Fresh vegetables are an integral part of a healthy diet, providing vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other health-promoting compounds. The diversity of fresh vegetables and packaging formats (spring mix in clamshell container, bagged heads of lettuce) support increased consumption. Unfortunately, vegetable production and processing practices are not sufficient to ensure complete microbial safety. This review highlights a few specific areas that require greater attention and research. Selected outbreaks are presented to emphasize the need for science-based 'best practices'. Laboratory and field studies have focused on inactivation of pathogens associated with manure in liquid, slurry or solid forms. As production practices change, other forms and types of soil amendments are being used more prevalently. Information regarding the microbial safety of fish emulsion and pellet form of manure is limited. The topic of global climate change is controversial, but the potential effect on agriculture cannot be ignored. Changes in temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind can impact crops and the microorganisms that are associated with production environments. Climate change could potentially enhance the ability of pathogens to survive and persist in soil, water and crops, increasing human health risks. Limited research has focused on the prevalence and behaviour of viruses in pre and post-harvest environments and on vegetable commodities. Globally, viruses are a major cause of foodborne illnesses, but are seldom tested for in soil, soil amendments, manure and crops. Greater attention must also be given to the improvement in the microbial quality of seeds used in sprout production. Human pathogens associated with seeds can result in contamination of sprouts intended for human consumption, even when all appropriate 'best practices' are used by sprout growers.
全球范围内，新鲜蔬菜和鲜切蔬菜的消费量持续增长。新鲜蔬菜是健康饮食不可或缺的一部分，能提供维生素、矿物质、抗氧化剂及其他促进健康的化合物。新鲜蔬菜种类多样，包装形式各异（如蛤壳容器中的混合春菜、袋装生菜头），这促进了其消费量的增加。遗憾的是，蔬菜生产和加工方式不足以确保完全的微生物安全。本综述重点介绍了一些需要更多关注和研究的特定领域。列举了部分疫情事件以强调基于科学的“最佳实践”的必要性。实验室和实地研究聚焦于液体、 slurry或固体形式粪便中病原体的灭活。随着生产方式的改变，其他形式和类型的土壤改良剂正被更广泛地使用。关于鱼乳液和颗粒状粪便微生物安全性的信息有限。全球气候变化这一话题颇具争议，但它对农业的潜在影响不容忽视。温度、降水、湿度和风力的变化会影响作物以及与生产环境相关的微生物。气候变化可能会增强病原体在土壤、水和作物中存活及持续存在的能力，增加人类健康风险。有限的研究关注了收获前和收获后环境以及蔬菜产品中病毒的流行情况和行为。在全球范围内，病毒是食源性疾病的主要病因，但在土壤、土壤改良剂、粪便和作物中很少进行检测。还必须更加关注用于芽苗菜生产的种子微生物质量的改善。与种子相关的人类病原体可能导致供人类食用的芽苗菜受到污染，即使芽苗菜种植者采用了所有适当的“最佳实践”。
