Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Sci Rep. 2024 Aug 19;14(1):19169. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-70173-4.
The resistance of foodborne pathogens to antimicrobial agents is a potential danger to human health. Hence, establishing the status of good agricultural practices (GAPs) and the antimicrobial susceptibility of major foodborne pathogens has a significant programmatic implication in planning interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the gap in attaining GAP and estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella in vegetable farms fertilized with animal manure in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 81 vegetable farms from four sub-cities in Addis Ababa were visited, and 1119 samples were collected: soil (n = 271), manure (n = 375), vegetables (n = 398), and dairy cattle feces (n = 75). Additional data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Isolation of Salmonella was done using standard microbiology techniques and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using disk diffusion assays. Carriage for antimicrobial resistance genes was tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the 81 vegetable farms visited, 24.7% used animal manure without any treatment, 27.2% used properly stored animal manure and 80.2% were easily accessible to animals. The prevalence of Salmonella was 2.3% at the sample level, 17.3% at the vegetable farm level, and 2.5% in vegetables. The highest rate of resistance was recorded for streptomycin, 80.7% (21 of 26), followed by kanamycin, 65.4% (17 of 26), and gentamicin, 61.5% (16 of 26). Multidrug resistance was detected in 61.5% of the Salmonella isolates. Vegetable farms have a gap in attaining GAPs, which could contribute to increased contamination and the transfer of antimicrobial resistance to the vegetables. The application of GAPs, including proper preparation of compost and the appropriate use of antimicrobials in veterinary practices, are recommended to reduce the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
食源性致病菌对抗菌药物的耐药性是对人类健康的潜在威胁。因此，确定良好农业规范（GAP）的现状和主要食源性致病菌的抗菌敏感性对规划干预措施具有重要的计划意义。本研究的目的是评估实现 GAP 的差距，并估计埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴使用动物粪便施肥的蔬菜农场中沙门氏菌的流行情况和抗菌敏感性。总共访问了亚的斯亚贝巴的四个卫星城市的 81 个蔬菜农场，采集了 1119 个样本：土壤（n=271）、粪便（n=375）、蔬菜（n=398）和奶牛粪便（n=75）。使用结构问卷调查收集了其他数据。使用标准微生物学技术分离沙门氏菌，使用纸片扩散法进行抗菌敏感性试验。使用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测抗菌耐药基因的携带情况。在所访问的 81 个蔬菜农场中，24.7%的农场使用未经任何处理的动物粪便，27.2%的农场使用妥善储存的动物粪便，80.2%的农场容易接触到动物。在样本水平上，沙门氏菌的流行率为 2.3%，在蔬菜农场水平上为 17.3%，在蔬菜水平上为 2.5%。记录到的最高耐药率为链霉素，80.7%（26 株中的 21 株），其次是卡那霉素，65.4%（26 株中的 17 株），庆大霉素，61.5%（26 株中的 16 株）。61.5%的沙门氏菌分离株存在多药耐药性。蔬菜农场在实现 GAP 方面存在差距，这可能导致污染增加和抗菌药物耐药性向蔬菜转移。建议应用 GAP，包括适当制备堆肥和在兽医实践中合理使用抗菌药物，以减少抗菌药物耐药性的出现和传播。
