Olsen Erik, Fluharty David, Hoel Alf Håkon, Hostens Kristian, Maes Frank, Pecceu Ellen
Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2014 Oct 9;9(10):e109964. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109964. eCollection 2014.
Marine spatial planning (MSP) is often considered as a pragmatic approach to implement an ecosystem based management in order to manage marine space in a sustainable way. This requires the involvement of multiple actors and stakeholders at various governmental and societal levels. Several factors affect how well the integrated management of marine waters will be achieved, such as different governance settings (division of power between central and local governments), economic activities (and related priorities), external drivers, spatial scales, incentives and objectives, varying approaches to legislation and political will. We compared MSP in Belgium, Norway and the US to illustrate how the integration of stakeholders and governmental levels differs among these countries along the factors mentioned above. Horizontal integration (between sectors) is successful in all three countries, achieved through the use of neutral 'round-table' meeting places for all actors. Vertical integration between government levels varies, with Belgium and Norway having achieved full integration while the US lacks integration of the legislature due to sharp disagreements among stakeholders and unsuccessful partisan leadership. Success factors include political will and leadership, process transparency and stakeholder participation, and should be considered in all MSP development processes.
海洋空间规划（MSP）通常被视为一种务实的方法，用于实施基于生态系统的管理，以便以可持续的方式管理海洋空间。这需要各级政府和社会的多个行为体和利益相关者的参与。有几个因素会影响海洋水域综合管理的实现程度，例如不同的治理环境（中央和地方政府之间的权力划分）、经济活动（以及相关优先事项）、外部驱动因素、空间尺度、激励措施和目标、不同的立法方式以及政治意愿。我们对比了比利时、挪威和美国的海洋空间规划，以说明在上述因素方面，这些国家在利益相关者和政府层面的整合方式存在哪些差异。横向整合（部门之间）在这三个国家都取得了成功，这是通过为所有行为体使用中立的“圆桌”会议场所实现的。政府层面之间的纵向整合情况各不相同，比利时和挪威实现了全面整合，而美国由于利益相关者之间的尖锐分歧以及党派领导不力，立法机构缺乏整合。成功因素包括政治意愿和领导力、过程透明度以及利益相关者参与，在所有海洋空间规划发展过程中都应予以考虑。
