Peterson R R, Simpson G B
University of Rochester.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1989 Nov;15(6):1020-32. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1020.
Backward priming was investigated under conditions similar to those used in lexical ambiguity research. Subjects received prime-target word pairs that were associated either unidirectionally (BABY-STORK) or bidirectionally (BABY-CRY). In the first experiment, targets were presented 500 ms following the onset of visual primes, and subjects made naming or lexical decision responses to the targets. Forward priming was obtained in all conditions, while backward priming (i.e., priming for pairs in which there was a unidirectional target-to-prime association, as in BABY-STORK) occurred only with lexical decision. In the second experiment, primes were presented auditorily, either in isolation or in a sentence. Targets followed the offset of the primes either immediately or after 200 ms. Backward priming occurred with both response tasks, but only when the prime was an isolated word. In addition, backward priming decreased over time with the naming task, but not with lexical decision. These results suggest that the locus of the backward priming effect is different for the two response tasks. Further, the lack of a backward priming effect with sentence contexts suggests that backward priming cannot account for the demonstrations of multiple access in the lexical ambiguity literature. These results, therefore, support a context-independent view of lexical access.
在与词汇歧义研究中所使用的条件相似的情况下，对逆向启动效应进行了研究。受试者会看到单向关联（婴儿 - 鹳）或双向关联（婴儿 - 哭泣）的启动词 - 目标词对。在第一个实验中，目标词在视觉启动词出现500毫秒后呈现，受试者对目标词做出命名或词汇判断反应。在所有条件下都获得了正向启动效应，而逆向启动效应（即对于像婴儿 - 鹳这样存在单向目标 - 启动词关联的词对的启动效应）仅在词汇判断任务中出现。在第二个实验中，启动词通过听觉呈现，既可以单独呈现，也可以在句子中呈现。目标词在启动词结束后立即或200毫秒后呈现。在两种反应任务中都出现了逆向启动效应，但仅当启动词是单独的一个词时才会出现。此外，在命名任务中，逆向启动效应会随着时间的推移而减弱，但在词汇判断任务中则不会。这些结果表明，两种反应任务的逆向启动效应位点不同。此外，在句子语境中缺乏逆向启动效应表明逆向启动效应无法解释词汇歧义文献中关于多重通达的论证。因此，这些结果支持了一种与语境无关的词汇通达观点。
