Glass Leila, Ware Ashley L, Mattson Sarah N
Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;125:435-62. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-62619-6.00025-2.
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have deleterious consequences for the fetus, including changes in central nervous system development leading to permanent neurologic alterations and cognitive and behavioral deficits. Individuals affected by prenatal alcohol exposure, including those with and without fetal alcohol syndrome, are identified under the umbrella of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). While studies of humans and animal models confirm that even low to moderate levels of exposure can have detrimental effects, critical doses of such exposure have yet to be specified and the most clinically significant and consistent consequences occur following heavy exposure. These consequences are pervasive, devastating, and can result in long-term dysfunction. This chapter summarizes the neurobehavioral, neurologic, and neuroimaging characteristics of FASD, focusing primarily on clinical research of individuals with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure, although studies of lower levels of exposure, particularly prospective, longitudinal studies, will be discussed where relevant.
孕期饮酒会对胎儿产生有害影响，包括中枢神经系统发育变化，导致永久性神经改变以及认知和行为缺陷。受产前酒精暴露影响的个体，包括患有和未患有胎儿酒精综合征的个体，都被归类为胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASD）。虽然对人类和动物模型的研究证实，即使是低至中度的暴露水平也可能产生有害影响，但此类暴露的临界剂量尚未明确，且在大量暴露后会出现最具临床意义和一致性的后果。这些后果普遍存在、具有毁灭性，并可能导致长期功能障碍。本章总结了胎儿酒精谱系障碍的神经行为、神经学和神经影像学特征，主要关注有大量产前酒精暴露史个体的临床研究，不过也会在相关情况下讨论低暴露水平的研究，尤其是前瞻性纵向研究。
