Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome Italy.
Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2022;20(6):1158-1173. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666211101111430.
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lactation is a widespread preventable cause of neurodevelopmental impairment in newborns. While the harmful effects of gestational alcohol use have been well documented, only recently, the role of paternal preconceptual alcohol consumption (PPAC) prior to copulating has drawn specific epigenetic considerations. Data from human and animal models have demonstrated that PPAC may affect sperm function, eliciting oxidative stress. In newborns, PPAC may induce changes in behavior, cognitive functions, and emotional responses. Furthermore, PPAC may elicit neurobiological disruptions, visuospatial impairments, hyperactivity disorders, motor skill disruptions, hearing loss, endocrine, and immune alterations, reduced physical growth, placental disruptions, and metabolic alterations. Neurobiological studies on PPAC have also disclosed changes in brain function and structure by disrupting the growth factors pathways. In particular, as shown in animal model studies, PPAC alters brain nerve growth factor (NGF) and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) synthesis and release. This review shows that the crucial topic of lifelong disabilities induced by PPAC and/or gestational alcohol drinking is quite challenging at the individual, societal, and familial levels. Since a nontoxic drinking behavior before pregnancy (for both men and women), during pregnancy, and lactation cannot be established, the only suggestion for couples planning pregnancies is to completely avoid the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
怀孕期间和哺乳期饮酒是导致新生儿神经发育障碍的一种普遍可预防的原因。虽然妊娠期饮酒的有害影响已有充分记录，但直到最近，父亲在交配前的预概念性饮酒（PPAC）的作用才引起了特定的表观遗传考虑。来自人类和动物模型的数据表明，PPAC 可能会影响精子功能，引起氧化应激。在新生儿中，PPAC 可能会引起行为、认知功能和情绪反应的变化。此外，PPAC 可能会引起神经生物学紊乱、视空间障碍、多动症、运动技能障碍、听力损失、内分泌和免疫改变、生长发育迟缓、胎盘紊乱和代谢改变。对 PPAC 的神经生物学研究还表明，通过破坏生长因子途径，会改变大脑功能和结构。特别是，如动物模型研究所示，PPAC 改变了大脑神经生长因子（NGF）和脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）的合成和释放。这篇综述表明，由 PPAC 和/或妊娠期饮酒引起的终身残疾这一关键问题在个人、社会和家庭层面上都极具挑战性。由于无法确立在怀孕前（男女双方）、怀孕期间和哺乳期的非毒性饮酒行为，对于计划怀孕的夫妇来说，唯一的建议是完全避免饮酒。
