Canteloup Charlotte, Bovet Dalila, Meunier Hélène
Primatology Centre of Strasbourg University, Fort Foch, 67207, Niederhausbergen, France,
Anim Cogn. 2015 Mar;18(2):451-61. doi: 10.1007/s10071-014-0814-4. Epub 2014 Oct 14.
We tested here whether Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana), trained to produce a pointing gesture, modify their behaviour in response to different human's attentional states. More specifically, we investigated the macaque's ability to communicate intentionally about the location of an unreachable hidden food reward in several contexts which differ by the human partner's attentional state. The experimenter displayed seven attentional states differing on the basis of body, head and gaze orientation. Our study validates several criteria of an intentional communication. We showed that macaques produce more pointing gestures when an audience, i.e. the human partner, is present than absent. We also revealed an adjustment of gaze alternation between the face of the experimenter and the hidden food reward according to several experimental conditions. However, in our study, macaques did not produce auditory attention-getting behaviours when the human partner was inattentive. Finally, only rough cues, i.e. presence, body and face orientation of the observer, seem to be taken into account by macaques. However, our results also supposed the importance of joint attention for macaques since they display more gaze alternation when the head and/or eyes of the human partner are mobile.
我们在此测试了受过指向手势训练的托吉安猕猴（Macaca tonkeana）是否会根据不同人类的注意力状态改变其行为。更具体地说，我们研究了猕猴在几种因人类伙伴注意力状态不同而各异的情境中，就无法触及的隐藏食物奖励位置进行有意交流的能力。实验者展示了基于身体、头部和注视方向而有所不同的七种注意力状态。我们的研究验证了有意交流的几个标准。我们发现，当有观众，即人类伙伴在场时，猕猴做出的指向手势比无人在场时更多。我们还揭示了根据几种实验条件，猕猴在实验者面部和隐藏食物奖励之间的注视交替会有所调整。然而，在我们的研究中，当人类伙伴注意力不集中时，猕猴并未表现出引起听觉注意的行为。最后，猕猴似乎只考虑粗略的线索，即观察者的在场、身体和面部朝向。不过，我们的研究结果也表明共同注意对猕猴很重要，因为当人类伙伴的头部和/或眼睛移动时，它们会表现出更多的注视交替。
