Borges Luísa M S, Merckelbach Lucas M, Cragg Simon M
Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Portsmouth University, Eastney, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Material and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, Germany.
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Material and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, Germany.
PLoS One. 2014 Oct 14;9(10):e109593. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109593. eCollection 2014.
Marine wood-borers of the Limnoriidae cause great destruction to wooden structures exposed in the marine environment. In this study we collated occurrence data obtained from field surveys, spanning over a period of 10 years, and from an extensive literature review. We aimed to determine which wood-boring limnoriid species are established in European coastal waters; to map their past and recent distribution in Europe in order to infer species range extension or contraction; to determine species environmental requirements using climatic envelopes. Of the six species of wood-boring Limnoria previously reported occurring in Europe, only Limnoria lignorum, L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata are established in European coastal waters. L. carinata and L. tuberculata have uncertain established status, whereas L. borealis is not established in European waters. The species with the widest distribution in Europe is Limnoria lignorum, which is also the most tolerant species to a range of salinities. L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata appear to be stenohaline. However, the present study shows that both L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata are more widespread in Europe than previous reports suggested. Both species have been found occurring in Europe since they were described, and their increased distribution is probably the results of a range expansion. On the other hand L. lignorum appears to be retreating poleward with ocean warming. In certain areas (e.g. southern England, and southern Portugal), limnoriids appear to be very abundant and their activity is rivalling that of teredinids. Therefore, it is important to monitor the distribution and destructive activity of these organisms in Europe.
蛀木水虱科的海洋蛀木生物对暴露在海洋环境中的木结构造成了巨大破坏。在本研究中，我们整理了从为期10年的实地调查以及广泛的文献综述中获得的出现数据。我们旨在确定哪些蛀木水虱物种在欧洲沿海水域有分布；绘制它们在欧洲过去和最近的分布情况，以推断物种分布范围的扩大或收缩；利用气候包络线确定物种的环境需求。先前报道在欧洲出现的六种蛀木水虱物种中，只有木虱、四斑木虱和三斑木虱在欧洲沿海水域有分布。隆背木虱和瘤木虱的分布情况不确定，而北方木虱在欧洲水域没有分布。在欧洲分布最广的物种是木虱，它也是对一系列盐度耐受性最强的物种。四斑木虱和三斑木虱似乎是狭盐性的。然而，本研究表明，四斑木虱和三斑木虱在欧洲的分布比以前的报道更广。自这两个物种被描述以来，它们在欧洲均有发现，其分布范围的扩大可能是分布范围扩张的结果。另一方面，随着海洋变暖，木虱似乎正在向极地退缩。在某些地区（如英格兰南部和葡萄牙南部），蛀木水虱似乎非常丰富，它们的活动与船蛆不相上下。因此，监测这些生物在欧洲的分布和破坏活动非常重要。
