中国脊髓灰质炎的消灭：1953-2012 年。

Poliomyelitis eradication in China: 1953-2012.

机构信息

National Immunization Programme.

National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.

出版信息

J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 1;210 Suppl 1:S268-74. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit332.

DOI:10.1093/infdis/jit332

PMID:25316845

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Poliomyelitis has historically been endemic in China and has been considered an important cause of disability and death.

METHODS

We reviewed strategies and measures of poliomyelitis control and eradication from 1953 to 2012. Data from notifiable disease and routine immunization reporting systems and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance were analyzed.

RESULTS

About 20 000 poliomyelitis cases were reported annually in the prevaccine era. During 1965-1977, live, attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) was administered to children through annual mass campaigns in the winter, and the number of poliomyelitis cases started to decline. A cold chain system was established during 1982, and OPV coverage increased during the early stage of the Expanded Programme on Immunization, from 1978 to 1988. Between 1989 and 1999, routine immunization was strengthened, supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) were conducted, and the AFP surveillance system was established. China reported a last indigenous poliomyelitis case in 1994 and was certified as free of polio in 2000. To maintain its polio-free status, China kept >90% coverage of 3 doses of OPV, conducted SIAs in high-risk areas, and maintained high-quality of AFP surveillance. China succeeded in stopping the outbreak in Xinjiang in 2011.

CONCLUSIONS

China's polio-free status was achieved and maintained through strengthening routine immunization and implementing SIAs and AFP surveillance.

摘要

背景

脊髓灰质炎在中国曾是地方性疾病，是导致残疾和死亡的重要原因之一。

方法

我们回顾了 1953 年至 2012 年脊髓灰质炎的控制和消除策略及措施。分析了法定传染病和常规免疫报告系统以及急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）监测数据。

结果

疫苗问世前，每年约报告 20000 例脊髓灰质炎病例。1965 年至 1977 年，通过每年冬季开展大规模的脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV）口服疫苗（OPV）接种活动，脊髓灰质炎病例数量开始下降。1982 年建立了冷链系统，1988 年以前扩大免疫规划早期，OPV 接种率逐渐提高。1989 年至 1999 年，常规免疫得到加强，开展了补充免疫活动（SIAs），并建立了 AFP 监测系统。1994 年中国报告最后一例本土脊髓灰质炎病例，2000 年被认证为无脊髓灰质炎。为了保持无脊灰状态，中国保持了超过 90%的 3 剂 OPV 接种率，在高风险地区开展了 SIAs，并保持了高质量的 AFP 监测。中国成功地阻止了 2011 年新疆的疫情爆发。