Lecic-Tosevski D, Draganic-Gajic S, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Popovic-Deusic S, Christodoulou N, Botbol M
School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade.
Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade.
Psychiatriki. 2014 Jul-Sep;25(3):185-91.
Available epidemiological data indicate that the abuse of children within families is a very common phenomenon, and is still on the rise. Among others, abuse includes direct physical and emotional violence to the child, as well as the indirect emotional trauma of witnessing interparental violence. These early trauma experienced within the context of the family can influence the development of the child's personality as well as predispose towards the development of mental disorders in adulthood. There are some important factors influencing the occurrence of abuse, or the conditions predisposing it: certain parental personality traits appear to be instrumental, and the presence of individual psychopathology of parents is also connected with different forms of family dysfunction as a system, representing a variable which is interpolated in the quality of parenthood as the most important factor that determines long-term consequences on children and possible future psychopathology. The complex but tangible effects of parents' personality traits on the psychological development of children may contribute to the transgenerational transmission of abuse and violence. The phenomenon of domestic violence and abuse can be described from the perspective of the psychological and systemic theoretical postulates. According to systemic theory and practice, dysfunctional communication in the family is a significant predictor for domestic violence. Characteristics of dysfunctional communication include low levels of verbal expressiveness and emotional responsiveness, low tolerance to criticism and its interpretation as a threat or intimidation, and consequently increased anxiety and subsequent escalation of an argument into violence. Overall it seems that there may be a complex connection between parental personality and family interaction patterns, leading to dysfunctional communication which further amplifies the detrimental characteristics of family dynamics, and eventually escalates to violence. According to one theory, there may be a degree of transgenerational transmission of these communication patterns in children who have been victims of violence, thus propagating the conditions for violence, this time perpetrated by the victims themselves. Therefore there is a pressing need for prevention, perhaps through psychoeducation for parents or through early detection and treatment of traumatized children and adolescents, in the hope that the transgenerational vicious cycle of violence may be broken.
现有流行病学数据表明，家庭内对儿童的虐待是一种非常普遍的现象，且仍在上升。其中，虐待包括对儿童的直接身体暴力和情感暴力，以及目睹父母间暴力所带来的间接情感创伤。在家庭环境中经历的这些早期创伤会影响儿童个性的发展，也会使其成年后更易患上精神障碍。有一些重要因素会影响虐待行为的发生或成为其诱发条件：某些父母的人格特质似乎起到了作用，父母个体的精神病理学状况也与家庭系统的不同形式功能失调有关，这是一个插入到为人父母质量中的变量，而为人父母质量是决定对儿童长期影响及未来可能出现的精神病理学状况的最重要因素。父母人格特质对儿童心理发展产生的复杂但切实的影响可能会导致虐待和暴力行为的代际传递。家庭暴力和虐待现象可以从心理学和系统理论假设的角度来描述。根据系统理论和实践，家庭中功能失调的沟通是家庭暴力的一个重要预测指标。功能失调沟通的特征包括言语表达能力和情感反应水平低、对批评的低容忍度以及将其解读为威胁或恐吓，进而导致焦虑增加，随后争吵升级为暴力。总体而言，父母人格与家庭互动模式之间似乎可能存在复杂的联系，导致功能失调的沟通，这进一步放大了家庭动态的有害特征，并最终升级为暴力。根据一种理论，在曾遭受暴力的儿童中，这些沟通模式可能会有一定程度的代际传递，从而为暴力行为创造条件，而这次的施暴者将是受害者本人。因此，迫切需要进行预防，或许可以通过对父母进行心理教育，或者通过对受创伤儿童和青少年的早期发现与治疗，以期打破暴力行为的代际恶性循环。
