Gründer G, Bartsch T
Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland,
Nervenarzt. 2014 Dec;85(12):1536-43. doi: 10.1007/s00115-013-3977-3.
Cognitive enhancement or neuroenhancement describes the increase in cognitive performance in humans by means of psychotropic drugs or brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
This article discusses the potential of pharmacological cognitive enhancement with some of the most common drugs.
A selective literature search was performed taking into account the most important groups of substances (i.e. caffeine, nicotine, stimulants including modafinil, and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors) for which studies on the pharmacological elevation of cognitive performance in healthy subjects are available.
The extent of the effects that can be pharmacologically achieved is essentially genetically determined. Some of the best-characterized polymorphisms are described here. Pharmacological enhancement of cognitive performance is currently possible with all of the compounds described here and caffeine and nicotine are used by millions of people without the explicit intention of most consumers of cognitive enhancement.
Clinical neuroscientists are required to share their expertise to a greater extent in the social discourse on cognitive enhancement in the future in order to influence opinion-forming and decision-making processes.
认知增强或神经增强是指通过精神药物或脑刺激方法（如经颅磁刺激（TMS））提高人类的认知表现。
本文探讨了使用一些最常见药物进行药理学认知增强的潜力。
进行了一次选择性文献检索，考虑了最重要的物质类别（即咖啡因、尼古丁、包括莫达非尼在内的兴奋剂以及乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂），针对这些物质有关于健康受试者认知表现药理学提升的研究。
药理学可实现的效果程度本质上由基因决定。这里描述了一些特征最明确的多态性。目前使用本文所述的所有化合物都可以实现认知表现的药理学增强，并且数以百万计的人使用咖啡因和尼古丁，而大多数消费者并非明确出于认知增强的目的。
未来临床神经科学家需要在更大程度上在关于认知增强的社会讨论中分享他们的专业知识，以影响舆论形成和决策过程。
