Roque André Luiz R, Jansen Ana Maria
Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil.
Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2014 Aug 29;3(3):251-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.08.004. eCollection 2014 Dec.
The definition of a reservoir has changed significantly in the last century, making it necessary to study zoonosis from a broader perspective. One important example is that of Leishmania, zoonotic multi-host parasites maintained by several mammal species in nature. The magnitude of the health problem represented by leishmaniasis combined with the complexity of its epidemiology make it necessary to clarify all of the links in transmission net, including non-human mammalian hosts, to develop effective control strategies. Although some studies have described dozens of species infected with these parasites, only a minority have related their findings to the ecological scenario to indicate a possible role of that host in parasite maintenance and transmission. Currently, it is accepted that a reservoir may be one or a complex of species responsible for maintaining the parasite in nature. A reservoir system should be considered unique on a given spatiotemporal scale. In fact, the transmission of Leishmania species in the wild still represents an complex enzootic "puzzle", as several links have not been identified. This review presents the mammalian species known to be infected with Leishmania spp. in the Americas, highlighting those that are able to maintain and act as a source of the parasite in nature (and are thus considered potential reservoirs). These host/reservoirs are presented separately in each of seven mammal orders - Marsupialia, Cingulata, Pilosa, Rodentia, Primata, Carnivora, and Chiroptera - responsible for maintaining Leishmania species in the wild.
在上个世纪，宿主的定义发生了显著变化，因此有必要从更广泛的角度研究人畜共患病。一个重要的例子是利什曼原虫，它是一种人畜共患的多宿主寄生虫，在自然界中由几种哺乳动物维持生存。利什曼病所代表的健康问题的严重程度及其流行病学的复杂性，使得有必要厘清传播网络中的所有环节，包括非人类哺乳动物宿主，以便制定有效的控制策略。尽管一些研究描述了几十种感染这些寄生虫的物种，但只有少数研究将其发现与生态情景联系起来，以表明该宿主在寄生虫维持和传播中可能发挥的作用。目前，人们认为宿主可能是一种或一组负责在自然界中维持寄生虫生存的物种。在给定的时空尺度上，宿主系统应被视为独特的。事实上，野生环境中利什曼原虫物种的传播仍然是一个复杂的动物流行病“谜题”，因为还有几个环节尚未明确。本综述介绍了在美洲已知感染利什曼原虫的哺乳动物物种，重点介绍了那些能够在自然界中维持并作为寄生虫来源（因此被视为潜在宿主）的物种。这些宿主/储存宿主在有袋目、贫齿目、披毛目、啮齿目、灵长目、食肉目和翼手目这七个负责在野外维持利什曼原虫物种生存的哺乳动物目中分别列出。
