Covaci Adrian, Den Hond Elly, Geens Tinne, Govarts Eva, Koppen Gudrun, Frederiksen Hanne, Knudsen Lisbeth E, Mørck Thit A, Gutleb Arno C, Guignard Cedric, Cocco Emanuelle, Horvat Milena, Heath Ester, Kosjek Tina, Mazej Darja, Tratnik Janja Snoj, Castaño Argelia, Esteban Marta, Cutanda Francisco, Ramos Juan José, Berglund Marika, Larsson Kristin, Jönsson Bo A G, Biot Pierre, Casteleyn Ludwine, Joas Reinhard, Joas Anke, Bloemen Louis, Sepai Ovnair, Exley Karen, Schoeters Greet, Angerer Jürgen, Kolossa-Gehring Marike, Fiddicke Ulrike, Aerts Dominique, Koch Holger M
Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Mol, Belgium.
Environ Res. 2015 Aug;141:77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.008. Epub 2014 Oct 13.
For the first time in Europe, both European-wide and country-specific levels of urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) were obtained through a harmonized protocol for participant recruitment, sampling and quality controlled biomarker analysis in the frame of the twin projects COPHES and DEMOCOPHES. 674 child-mother pairs were recruited through schools or population registers from six European member states (Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden). Children (5-12 y) and mothers donated a urine sample. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, life style, dietary habits, and educational level of the parents was provided by mothers. After exclusion of urine samples with creatinine values below 300 mg/L or above 3000 mg/L, 653 children and 639 mothers remained for which BPA was measured. The geometric mean (with 95% confidence intervals) and 90th percentile were calculated for BPA separately in children and in mothers and were named "European reference values". After adjustment for confounders (age and creatinine), average exposure values in each country were compared with the mean of the "European reference values" by means of a weighted analysis of variance. Overall geometric means of all countries (95% CI) adjusted for urinary creatinine, age and gender were 2.04 (1.87-2.24) µg/L and 1.88 (1.71-2.07) µg/L for children (n=653) and mothers (n=639), respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant environmental, geographical, personal or life style related determinants. Consumption of canned food and social class (represented by the highest educational level of the family) were the most important predictors for the urinary levels of BPA in mothers and children. The individual BPA levels in children were significantly correlated with the levels in their mothers (r=0.265, p<0.001), which may suggest a possible common environmental/dietary factor that influences the biomarker level in each pair. Exposure of the general European population was well below the current health-based guidance values and no participant had BPA values higher than the health-based guidance values.
在欧洲，首次通过双生子项目COPHES和DEMOCOPHES框架内统一的参与者招募、采样及质量控制生物标志物分析方案，获取了全欧洲范围及特定国家的尿中双酚A（BPA）水平。通过学校或人口登记册从六个欧洲成员国（比利时、丹麦、卢森堡、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙和瑞典）招募了674对儿童-母亲对。儿童（5 - 12岁）和母亲均捐献了一份尿液样本。母亲提供了有关社会人口特征、生活方式、饮食习惯及父母教育水平的信息。在排除肌酐值低于300 mg/L或高于3000 mg/L的尿液样本后，剩余653名儿童和639名母亲的样本用于测量BPA。分别计算了儿童和母亲中BPA的几何均值（及其95%置信区间）和第90百分位数，并将其命名为“欧洲参考值”。在对混杂因素（年龄和肌酐）进行调整后，通过加权方差分析将每个国家的平均暴露值与“欧洲参考值”的均值进行比较。经尿肌酐、年龄和性别调整后，所有国家儿童（n = 653）和母亲（n = 639）的总体几何均值（95% CI）分别为2.04（1.87 - 2.24）μg/L和1.88（1.71 - 2.07）μg/L。采用多元回归分析来确定与环境、地理、个人或生活方式相关的显著决定因素。罐头食品的消费量和社会阶层（以家庭最高教育水平表示）是母亲和儿童尿中BPA水平的最重要预测因素。儿童个体的BPA水平与母亲的水平显著相关（r = 0.265，p < 0.001），这可能表明存在一个可能影响每对样本中生物标志物水平的共同环境/饮食因素。欧洲普通人群的暴露水平远低于当前基于健康的指导值，且没有参与者的BPA值高于基于健康的指导值。
