Winges S A, Furuya S
Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo 1020081, Japan.
Neuroscience. 2015 Jan 22;284:643-652. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.041. Epub 2014 Nov 1.
Many everyday tasks such as typing, grasping, and object manipulation require coordination of dynamic movement across multiple joints and digits. Playing a musical instrument is also one such task where the precise movement of multiple digits is transformed into specific sounds defined by the instrument. Through extensive practice musicians are able to produce precisely controlled movements to interact with the instrument and produce specific sequences of sounds. The present study aimed to determine what aspects of these dynamic movement patterns differ between pianists who have achieved professional status compared to amateur pianists that have also trained extensively. Common patterns of movement for each digit strike were observed for both professional and amateur pianists that were sequence specific, i.e. influenced by the digit performing the preceding strike. However, group differences were found in multi-digit movement patterns for sequences involving the ring or little finger. In some sequences, amateur subjects tended to work against the innate connectivity between digits while professionals allowed slight movement at non-striking digits (covariation) which was a more economical strategy. In other sequences professionals used more individuated finger movements for performance. Thus the present study provided evidence in favor of enhancement of both movement covariation and individuation across fingers in more skilled musicians, depending on fingering and movement sequence.
许多日常任务，如打字、抓握和物体操作，都需要多个关节和手指之间动态运动的协调。演奏乐器也是这样一项任务，其中多个手指的精确运动被转化为由乐器定义的特定声音。通过大量练习，音乐家能够产生精确控制的动作来与乐器互动并产生特定的声音序列。本研究旨在确定与同样经过大量训练的业余钢琴家相比，达到专业水平的钢琴家在这些动态运动模式的哪些方面存在差异。观察了专业和业余钢琴家每个手指敲击的常见运动模式，这些模式是特定于序列的，即受前一次敲击手指的影响。然而，在涉及无名指或小指的序列的多指运动模式中发现了组间差异。在某些序列中，业余受试者倾向于违背手指之间的固有连接性，而专业人员则允许非敲击手指有轻微运动（共变），这是一种更经济的策略。在其他序列中，专业人员在演奏时使用了更多个性化的手指动作。因此，本研究提供了证据，支持更熟练的音乐家根据指法和运动序列增强手指间的运动共变和个体化。
