Kaintz Cornelia, Mauracher Stephan Gerhard, Rompel Annette
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090-Wien, Austria.
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090-Wien, Austria.
Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2014;97:1-35. doi: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.07.001. Epub 2014 Sep 26.
Recent investigations in the study of plant, fungal, and bacterial type-3 copper proteins are reviewed. Focus is given to three enzymes: catechol oxidases (CO), tyrosinases, and aureusidin synthase. CO were mostly found in plants, however, in 2010 the first fungal CO was published. The first plant-originated tyrosinase was published in 2014, before tyrosinases were only reported in fungi, bacteria, and human. Aureusidin synthase from yellow snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) was first published in 2000, as part of yellow flower coloration pathway. In the last years, many important results on type-3 copper enzymes originated from X-ray crystallographic investigations. In addition, studies on site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids around the active site were performed to identify the regions determining monophenolase and/or diphenolase activity. Although X-ray crystallographic structures of CO and tyrosinases are available, many questions like the response for the activation via proteases, sequence-based or structural-based differences between CO, as well as the physiological roles of many polyphenol oxidases still remain to be addressed.
本文综述了近年来对植物、真菌和细菌中Ⅲ型铜蛋白的研究。重点介绍了三种酶：儿茶酚氧化酶（CO）、酪氨酸酶和金黄异黄酮合酶。CO大多存在于植物中，但在2010年首次报道了真菌中的CO。2014年首次报道了源自植物的酪氨酸酶，在此之前，酪氨酸酶仅在真菌、细菌和人类中被报道过。来自黄色金鱼草（金鱼草）的金黄异黄酮合酶于2000年首次发表，是黄花着色途径的一部分。近年来，通过X射线晶体学研究获得了许多关于Ⅲ型铜酶的重要结果。此外，还对活性位点周围的氨基酸进行了定点诱变研究，以确定决定单酚酶和/或双酚酶活性的区域。尽管已有CO和酪氨酸酶的X射线晶体结构，但仍有许多问题有待解决，如蛋白酶激活反应、CO之间基于序列或结构的差异，以及许多多酚氧化酶的生理作用等。
