Service of Occupational Hygiene, Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, Biopole 1 Building, Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland.
Semin Immunopathol. 2015 Mar;37(2):83-96. doi: 10.1007/s00281-014-0471-3. Epub 2014 Dec 13.
Inhalation of fungal particles is a ubiquitous way of exposure to microorganisms during human life; however, this exposure may promote or exacerbate respiratory diseases only in particular exposure conditions and human genetic background. Depending on the fungal species and form, fungal particles can induce symptoms in the lung by acting as irritants, aeroallergens or pathogens causing infection. Some thermophilic species can even act in all these three ways (e.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium), mesophilic species being only involved in allergic and/or non-allergic airway diseases (e.g. Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium). The goal of the present review is to present the current knowledge on the interaction between airborne fungal particles and the host immune system, to illustrate the differences of immune sensing of different fungal species and to emphasise the importance of conducting research on non-conventional mesophilic fungal species. Indeed, the diversity of fungal species we inhale and the complexity of their composition have a direct impact on fungal particle recognition and immune system decision to tolerate or respond to those particles, eventually leading to collateral damages promoting airway pathologies.
吸入真菌颗粒是人类生活中接触微生物的一种普遍方式；然而，只有在特定的暴露条件和人类遗传背景下，这种暴露才会促进或加重呼吸道疾病。根据真菌的种类和形式，真菌颗粒可以通过作为刺激物、空气过敏原或引起感染的病原体来引起肺部症状。一些嗜热物种甚至可以以所有这三种方式（例如曲霉属、青霉属）起作用，而中温物种仅参与过敏和/或非过敏性气道疾病（例如枝孢属、交链孢属、镰刀菌属）。本综述的目的是介绍空气中真菌颗粒与宿主免疫系统相互作用的最新知识，说明不同真菌物种的免疫感应差异，并强调对非传统中温真菌物种进行研究的重要性。事实上，我们吸入的真菌种类的多样性及其组成的复杂性直接影响对真菌颗粒的识别以及免疫系统决定是耐受还是对这些颗粒作出反应，最终导致促进气道病变的附带损害。
