Tabatabaei Seyed Mahmoud, Ali Tabatabaei Seyed Mohammad
Professor, Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Postgraduate Student, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2014 Oct 1;7:16. eCollection 2014.
Research shows that ancient Iranians were among the pioneers of medical science, and are therefore admired and praised by non-Iranian scholars for their efforts and accomplishments in this field. Investigations of medical and historical texts indicate that between the 10(th) and the 18(th) century A.D., ancient Iran experienced a golden age of medicine. Great physicians such as Rhazes, al-Ahwazi, Avicenna and others reviewed the medical textbooks of civilizations such as Greece and India, Theories were scientifically criticized, superstitious beliefs were discarded, valuable innovations were added to pre-existing knowledge and the ultimate achievements were compiled as precious textbooks. Alhawi by Rhazes, Cannon by Avicenna, and Kamil al-Sina'ah by al-Ahwazi are among the works that were treasured by domestic and foreign scientists alike, as well as future generations who continued to appreciate them for centuries. The above-mentioned textbooks discuss diseases and conditions related to neurosurgery, ophthalmology, ear, nose and throat, gastroenterology, urology, skeletomuscular system and other specialties, as well as cancer and similar subjects. One of the richest texts on the description, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognosis of cancer and therapeutic approaches is Alhawi by Mohammad ibn Zakarya al Razi (Rhazes). This article presents a brief summary of Rhazes' views about the definition of cancer, types, signs and symptoms, prevalence, complications, medical care, treatment and even surgical indications and contraindications. Moreover, his opinions are compared against the views of other physicians and theories of modern medicine. It is also recommended to review the medical heritage of Iran and evaluate the proposed treatments based on modern methodologies and scientific approaches.
研究表明，古代伊朗人是医学科学的先驱之一，因此受到非伊朗学者对他们在该领域的努力和成就的钦佩与赞扬。对医学和历史文本的调查表明，在公元10世纪至18世纪之间，古代伊朗经历了医学的黄金时代。拉齐斯、阿尔 - 阿瓦齐、阿维森纳等伟大的医生回顾了希腊和印度等文明的医学教科书，对理论进行了科学批判，摒弃了迷信观念，在已有知识基础上增添了有价值的创新内容，并将最终成果编纂成珍贵的教科书。拉齐斯的《医学集成》、阿维森纳的《医典》以及阿尔 - 阿瓦齐的《医学大全》等著作，受到了国内外科学家以及后世几个世纪以来一直欣赏它们的人的珍视。上述教科书讨论了与神经外科、眼科、耳鼻喉科、胃肠病学、泌尿学、骨骼肌肉系统及其他专科相关的疾病和病症，以及癌症和类似主题。关于癌症的描述、诊断、鉴别诊断、预后及治疗方法的最丰富文本之一是穆罕默德·伊本·扎卡里亚·拉齐（拉齐斯）的《医学集成》。本文简要总结了拉齐斯关于癌症的定义、类型、体征和症状、患病率、并发症、医疗护理、治疗甚至手术适应症和禁忌症的观点。此外，还将他的观点与其他医生的观点以及现代医学理论进行了比较。同时建议回顾伊朗的医学遗产，并基于现代方法和科学途径评估所提出的治疗方法。
