Gernsbacher Morton Ann, Hallada Brenda M, Robertson Rachel R W
University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Sci Stud Read. 1998 Jul;2(3):271-300. doi: 10.1207/s1532799xssr0203_5.
We propose that reading stories, such as a narrative about a character who takes money from a store where his best friend works and who later learns that his best friend has been fired, stimulates readers to activate the knowledge of how the character feels when he finds out that his best friend has been fired from a job for something he did. In other words, we propose that readers infer fictional character's emotional states. In this article, we first review two series of laboratory experiments (Gernsbacher, Goldsmith, & Robertson, 1992; Gernsbacher & Robertson, 1992) that empirically tested this hypothesis by measuring participants' reading times to target sentences that contained emotion words that matched (e.g., ) or mismatched (e.g., ) the implied emotional state. We then present a third series of laboratory experiments that tested how automatically such knowledge is activated by using a divided-attention task (tone-identification, per-sentence memory load, or cumulative memory load) and by comparing target-sentence reading time when the emotional state is explicitly mentioned versus only implicit.
我们认为，阅读故事，比如一个关于某个角色从他最好的朋友工作的商店偷钱，而后得知他最好的朋友因他的所作所为而被解雇的故事，会促使读者激活关于该角色发现自己害得最好的朋友丢了工作时感受如何的知识。换句话说，我们认为读者能够推断虚构角色的情绪状态。在本文中，我们首先回顾两组实验室实验（格恩斯巴赫、戈德史密斯和罗伯逊，1992年；格恩斯巴赫和罗伯逊，1992年），这些实验通过测量参与者对包含与隐含情绪状态匹配（例如， ）或不匹配（例如， ）的情感词汇的目标句子的阅读时间，对这一假设进行了实证检验。然后，我们展示第三组实验室实验，该实验通过使用分心任务（音调识别、逐句记忆负荷或累积记忆负荷），并通过比较明确提及情绪状态与仅隐含情绪状态时目标句子的阅读时间，来测试这种知识被激活的自动程度。
