School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2015 Mar 21;285:419-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.009. Epub 2014 Dec 10.
Due to the great harm caused by soil contamination, there is an increasing interest to apply surfactants to the remediation of a variety of contaminated soils worldwide. This review article summarizes the findings of recent literatures regarding remediation of contaminated soils/sites using surfactants as an enhancing agent. For the surfactant-based remedial technologies, the adsorption behaviors of surfactants onto soil, the solubilizing capability of surfactants, and the toxicity and biocompatibility of surfactants are important considerations. Surfactants can enhance desorption of pollutants from soil, and promote bioremediation of organics by increasing bioavailability of pollutants. The removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from soils involves the mechanisms of dissolution, surfactant-associated complexation, and ionic exchange. In addition to the conventional ionic and nonionic surfactants, gemini surfactants and biosurfactants are also applied to soil remediation due to their benign features like lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) values and better biocompatibility. Mixed surfactant systems and combined use of surfactants with other additives are often adopted to improve the overall performance of soil washing solution for decontamination. Worldwide the field studies and full-scale remediation using surfactant-based technologies are yet limited, however, the already known cases reveal the good prospect of applying surfactant-based technologies to soil remediation.
由于土壤污染造成的巨大危害，在全球范围内，人们越来越有兴趣将表面活性剂应用于各种污染土壤的修复。本文综述了最近关于表面活性剂作为增强剂用于污染土壤/场地修复的文献研究结果。对于基于表面活性剂的修复技术，表面活性剂在土壤上的吸附行为、表面活性剂的增溶能力以及表面活性剂的毒性和生物相容性是重要的考虑因素。表面活性剂可以增强污染物从土壤中的解吸，并通过增加污染物的生物利用度来促进有机物的生物修复。重金属和放射性核素从土壤中的去除涉及溶解、表面活性剂相关络合和离子交换等机制。除了传统的离子型和非离子型表面活性剂外，由于具有较低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）值和更好的生物相容性等良性特性，双子表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂也被应用于土壤修复。混合表面活性剂体系以及表面活性剂与其他添加剂的联合使用通常被采用，以提高用于去污的土壤洗涤溶液的整体性能。然而，在全球范围内，基于表面活性剂的技术的现场研究和全面修复仍然有限，但已知的案例表明，将基于表面活性剂的技术应用于土壤修复具有良好的前景。
