Eckardt Winnie, Steklis H Dieter, Steklis Netzin G, Fletcher Alison W, Stoinski Tara S, Weiss Alexander
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester.
Departments of Psychology and Family Studies and Human Development, University of Arizona.
J Comp Psychol. 2015 Feb;129(1):26-41. doi: 10.1037/a0038370. Epub 2014 Dec 22.
Studies of animal personality improve our understanding of individual variation in measures of life history and fitness, such as health and reproductive success. Using a 54 trait personality questionnaire developed for studying great apes and other nonhuman primates, we obtained ratings on 116 wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund's Karisoke Research Center in Rwanda. There were 8 raters who each had more than 1.5 years of working experience with the subjects. Principal component analyses identified 4 personality dimensions with high interrater reliabilities-Dominance, Openness, Sociability, and Proto-Agreeableness-that reflected personality features unique to gorillas and personality features shared with other hominoids. We next examined the associations of these dimensions with independently collected behavioral measures derived from long-term records. Predicted correlations were found between the personality dimensions and corresponding behaviors. For example, Dominance, Openness, Sociability, and Proto-Agreeableness were related to gorilla dominance strength, time spent playing, rates of approaches, and rates of interventions in intragroup conflicts, respectively. These findings enrich the comparative-evolutionary study of personality and provide insights into how species differences in personality are related to ecology, social systems, and life history.
对动物个性的研究有助于我们更好地理解生活史和适应性指标（如健康和繁殖成功率）中的个体差异。我们使用一份为研究大猩猩和其他非人灵长类动物而编制的包含54个特征的个性问卷，对卢旺达迪安娜·福西大猩猩基金会卡里索克研究中心监测的116只野生山地大猩猩（Gorilla beringei beringei）进行了评分。有8名评分者，每人都有超过1.5年与这些研究对象打交道的工作经验。主成分分析确定了4个人格维度，这些维度具有较高的评分者间信度——支配性、开放性、社交性和原始宜人性——它们反映了大猩猩特有的个性特征以及与其他类人猿共有的个性特征。接下来，我们研究了这些维度与从长期记录中独立收集的行为指标之间的关联。我们发现人格维度与相应行为之间存在预期的相关性。例如，支配性、开放性、社交性和原始宜人性分别与大猩猩的支配强度、玩耍时间、接近频率以及群体内冲突中的干预频率相关。这些发现丰富了个性的比较进化研究，并为个性的物种差异如何与生态、社会系统和生活史相关提供了见解。
