Cruzat Vinicius Fernandes, Krause Maurício, Newsholme Philip
CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia Australia.
Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014 Dec 14;11(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12970-014-0061-8. eCollection 2014.
Moderate and chronic bouts of exercise may lead to positive metabolic, molecular, and morphological adaptations, improving health. Although exercise training stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their overall intracellular concentration may not reach damaging levels due to enhancement of antioxidant responses. However, inadequate exercise training (i.e., single bout of high-intensity or excessive exercise) may result in oxidative stress, muscle fatigue and muscle injury. Moreover, during the recovery period, impaired immunity has been reported, for example; excessive-inflammation and compensatory immunosuppression. Nutritional supplements, sometimes referred to as immuno-nutrients, may be required to reduce immunosuppression and excessive inflammation. Herein, we discuss the action and the possible targets of key immuno-nutrients such as L-glutamine, L-arginine, branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and whey protein.
适度和长期的运动可能会导致积极的代谢、分子和形态学适应，从而改善健康状况。尽管运动训练会刺激活性氧（ROS）的产生，但由于抗氧化反应增强，其细胞内总体浓度可能不会达到有害水平。然而，运动训练不足（即单次高强度或过度运动）可能会导致氧化应激、肌肉疲劳和肌肉损伤。此外，在恢复期，已有报道称免疫力受损，例如过度炎症和代偿性免疫抑制。可能需要营养补充剂，有时也称为免疫营养素，以减少免疫抑制和过度炎症。在此，我们讨论关键免疫营养素如L-谷氨酰胺、L-精氨酸、支链氨基酸（BCAA）和乳清蛋白的作用及可能的靶点。
