Merkiel Sylwia, Chalcarz Wojciech
Food and Nutrition Department of the Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poland Królowej Jadwigi 27/39 Street, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
BMC Pediatr. 2014 Dec 24;14:310. doi: 10.1186/s12887-014-0310-7.
Studies on vitamin and mineral intakes in children are very important: firstly because of the high prevalence of diet-related diseases and secondly because of the widespread consumption of highly processed foods which are characterised by high energy content and low density of essential nutrients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse vitamin and mineral intakes in 6-year-old children from southern Poland.
Vitamin and mineral intakes were estimated from a three-day food record in 120 children, 64 girls and 56 boys, aged 6 years. Nutrient densities were estimated as amounts per 1000 kcal (4185 kJ) of energy intake. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of the IBM SPSS Statistics computer programme, version 19. The studied population was divided according to gender.
Intakes of folic acid (μg/1000 kcal) and vitamin C (mg, mg/1000 kcal) were significantly higher in girls. Nutrient densities for all vitamins were higher in girls, however, these results did not reach statistical significance. Intake of vitamin D was lower than EAR in all of the studied children. Intakes of sodium (mg) and zinc (mg) were significantly higher in boys. Intakes of the remaining minerals were higher in boys, however, these findings did not reach statistical significance. Nutrient densities for all minerals, except for sodium, zinc and manganese, were higher in girls. All of the studied children had sodium intakes above UL.
Inadequate intakes of vitamin D, calcium and potassium in the studied 6-year-olds along with excessive sodium intake are the risk factors for developing osteoporosis and hypertension. To prevent these diseases in the studied children, educational programmes for both preschool staff and parents should be worked out and implemented.
关于儿童维生素和矿物质摄入量的研究非常重要：首先，与饮食相关疾病的高患病率；其次，高加工食品的广泛消费，这些食品能量含量高且必需营养素密度低。因此，本研究的目的是分析波兰南部6岁儿童的维生素和矿物质摄入量。
通过对120名6岁儿童（64名女孩和56名男孩）的三日饮食记录来估计维生素和矿物质摄入量。营养素密度按每1000千卡（4185千焦）能量摄入量计算。使用IBM SPSS Statistics 19版计算机程序进行统计分析。研究人群按性别划分。
女孩的叶酸摄入量（微克/1000千卡）和维生素C摄入量（毫克、毫克/1000千卡）显著更高。所有维生素的营养素密度女孩更高，但这些结果未达到统计学显著性。所有研究儿童的维生素D摄入量均低于EAR。男孩的钠摄入量（毫克）和锌摄入量（毫克）显著更高。其余矿物质的摄入量男孩更高，但这些发现未达到统计学显著性。除钠、锌和锰外，所有矿物质的营养素密度女孩更高。所有研究儿童的钠摄入量均高于UL。
所研究的6岁儿童维生素D、钙和钾摄入不足以及钠摄入过量是发生骨质疏松症和高血压的危险因素。为预防这些儿童患病，应为学前教育工作人员和家长制定并实施教育计划。
