Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA ; Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School - Twin Cities , Minneapolis, MN , USA.
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA.
Front Immunol. 2014 Dec 10;5:621. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00621. eCollection 2014.
Salmonella has been a model pathogen for examining CD4 T cell activation and effector functions for many years due to the strength of the Th1 cell response observed during Salmonella infections, the relative ease of use of Salmonella, the availability of Salmonella-specific T cell reagents, and the well-characterized nature of the model system, the pathogen, and the immune response elicited. Herein, we discuss the use of Salmonella as a model pathogen to explore the complex interaction of T cells with their inflammatory environment. In particular, we address the issue of bystander activation of naïve T cells and non-cognate stimulation of activated and memory T cells. Further, we compare and contrast our current knowledge of these non-cognate responses in CD8 versus CD4 T cells. Finally, we make a case for Salmonella as a particularly appropriate model pathogen in the study of non-cognate CD4 T cell responses based on the strength of the Th1 response during infection, the requirement for CD4 T cells in bacterial clearance, and the well-characterized inflammatory response to conserved molecular patterns induced by Salmonella infection.
沙门氏菌多年来一直是研究 CD4 T 细胞激活和效应功能的模式病原体，这是因为在沙门氏菌感染期间观察到强烈的 Th1 细胞反应、沙门氏菌相对易用性、沙门氏菌特异性 T 细胞试剂的可用性以及模型系统、病原体和诱发的免疫反应的特征明确。在此，我们讨论了将沙门氏菌用作模式病原体来探索 T 细胞与其炎症环境之间复杂相互作用的问题。特别是，我们解决了幼稚 T 细胞的旁观者激活和激活及记忆 T 细胞的非同源刺激问题。此外，我们比较和对比了我们目前对 CD8 与 CD4 T 细胞中非同源反应的了解。最后，我们基于感染期间 Th1 反应的强度、CD4 T 细胞在清除细菌方面的要求以及沙门氏菌感染诱导的保守分子模式引起的特征明确的炎症反应，提出沙门氏菌作为非同源 CD4 T 细胞反应研究的特别合适的模式病原体的理由。
