Sajid Muhammad, Ilyas Muhammad, Basheer Chanbasha, Tariq Madiha, Daud Muhammad, Baig Nadeem, Shehzad Farrukh
Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Mar;22(6):4122-43. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3994-1. Epub 2014 Dec 30.
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the world through introduction of a unique class of materials and consumer products in many arenas. It has led to production of innovative materials and devices. Despite of their unique advantages and applications in domestic and industrial sectors, use of materials with dimensions in nanometers has raised the issue of safety for workers, consumers, and human environment. Because of their small size and other unique characteristics, nanoparticles have ability to harm human and wildlife by interacting through various mechanisms. We have reviewed the characteristics of nanoparticles which form the basis of their toxicity. This paper also reviews possible routes of exposure of nanoparticles to human body. Dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion have been discussed in detail. As very limited data is available for long-term human exposures, there is a pressing need to develop the methods which can determine short and long-term effects of nanoparticles on human and environment. We also discuss in brief the strategies which can help to control human exposures to toxic nanoparticles. We have outlined the current status of toxicological studies dealing with nanoparticles, accomplishments, weaknesses, and future challenges.
纳米技术通过在许多领域引入一类独特的材料和消费产品，给世界带来了变革。它促使了创新材料和设备的生产。尽管纳米材料在家庭和工业领域具有独特优势和应用，但使用纳米尺寸的材料引发了工人、消费者和人类环境的安全问题。由于其尺寸小和其他独特特性，纳米颗粒能够通过各种机制相互作用，从而对人类和野生动物造成伤害。我们回顾了构成纳米颗粒毒性基础的特性。本文还综述了纳米颗粒进入人体的可能途径。详细讨论了皮肤接触、吸入和摄入途径。由于关于长期人体暴露的可用数据非常有限，迫切需要开发能够确定纳米颗粒对人类和环境的短期和长期影响的方法。我们还简要讨论了有助于控制人类接触有毒纳米颗粒的策略。我们概述了纳米颗粒毒理学研究的现状、成就、不足和未来挑战。
