Hortensius Ruud, van Honk Jack, de Gelder Beatrice, Terburg David
Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
PLoS One. 2014 Dec 30;9(12):e116232. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116232. eCollection 2014.
It has been shown that dominant individuals sustain eye-contact when non-consciously confronted with angry faces, suggesting reflexive mechanisms underlying dominance behaviors. However, dominance and submission can be conveyed and provoked by means of not only facial but also bodily features. So far few studies have investigated the interplay of body postures with personality traits and behavior, despite the biological relevance and ecological validity of these postures. Here we investigate whether non-conscious exposure to bodily expressions of anger evokes reflex-like dominance behavior. In an interactive eye-tracking experiment thirty-two participants completed three social dominance tasks with angry, happy and neutral facial, bodily and face and body compound expressions that were masked from consciousness. We confirmed our predictions of slower gaze-aversion from both non-conscious bodily and compound expressions of anger compared to happiness in high dominant individuals. Results from a follow-up experiment suggest that the dominance behavior triggered by exposure to bodily anger occurs with basic detection of the category, but not recognition of the emotional content. Together these results suggest that dominant staring behavior is reflexively driven by non-conscious perception of the emotional content and triggered by not only facial but also bodily expression of anger.
研究表明，占主导地位的个体在无意识面对愤怒面孔时会保持眼神接触，这表明主导行为背后存在反射机制。然而，主导和顺从不仅可以通过面部特征，还可以通过身体特征来传达和引发。尽管这些身体姿势具有生物学相关性和生态效度，但迄今为止，很少有研究调查身体姿势与人格特质和行为之间的相互作用。在此，我们研究无意识接触愤怒的身体表达是否会引发类似反射的主导行为。在一项交互式眼动追踪实验中，32名参与者完成了三项社会主导任务，这些任务涉及愤怒、快乐和中性的面部、身体以及面部与身体的复合表情，且这些表情均处于意识层面的掩蔽状态。我们证实了我们的预测，即在高主导性个体中，与快乐表情相比，无意识的身体愤怒表情和复合愤怒表情都会导致更慢的目光回避。后续实验结果表明，接触身体愤怒所引发的主导行为是在对类别进行基本检测时发生的，而非对情感内容的识别。这些结果共同表明，主导性凝视行为是由对情感内容的无意识感知反射性驱动的，并且不仅由愤怒的面部表情，还由愤怒的身体表情引发。
