Koella Jacob C, Lynch Penelope A, Thomas Matthew B, Read Andrew F
Division of Biology, Imperial College London Ascot, UK.
Department of Mathematics, The Open University Milton Keynes, UK.
Evol Appl. 2009 Nov;2(4):469-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00072.x. Epub 2009 Apr 27.
As many strategies to control malaria use insecticides against adult mosquitoes, control is undermined by the continual evolution of resistant mosquitoes. Here we suggest that using alternative insecticides, or conventional insecticides in alternative ways might enable effective control, but delay considerably or prevent the evolution of resistance. Our reasoning relies on an epidemiological and an evolutionary principle: (i) the epidemiology of malaria is strongly influenced by the life-span of mosquitoes, as most infected mosquitoes die before the malaria parasite has completed its development; and (ii) evolutionary pressure is strongest in young individuals, for selection on individuals that have completed most of their reproduction has little evolutionary effect. It follows from these principles, first, that insecticides that kill mosquitoes several days after exposure can delay considerably the evolution of resistance and, second, that the evolution of resistance against larvicides can actually benefit control, if it is associated with shorter life-span or reduced biting in adults. If a late-acting insecticide and a larvicide are combined, the evolution of resistance against larvicides can in some circumstances prevent the evolution of resistance against the more effective, late-acting insecticide, leading to sustainable, effective control. We discuss several potential options to create such insecticides, focussing on biopesticides.
由于许多控制疟疾的策略都使用杀虫剂来对付成年蚊子，而抗药性蚊子的不断进化削弱了这种控制效果。在此我们提出，使用替代杀虫剂或以替代方式使用传统杀虫剂可能实现有效控制，而且能大大延缓或防止抗药性的进化。我们的推理基于一项流行病学原理和一项进化原理：（i）疟疾的流行病学很大程度上受蚊子寿命的影响，因为大多数受感染的蚊子在疟原虫完成其发育之前就已死亡；（ii）进化压力在年轻个体中最为强烈，因为对已完成大部分繁殖的个体进行选择几乎没有进化效应。从这些原理可以得出，首先，接触后数天才能杀死蚊子的杀虫剂能够大大延缓抗药性的进化；其次，如果抗药性的进化与成虫寿命缩短或叮咬减少相关，那么对杀幼虫剂产生抗药性实际上可能有利于控制。如果将一种起效较晚的杀虫剂和一种杀幼虫剂结合使用，在某些情况下，对杀幼虫剂产生的抗药性可以防止对更有效的起效较晚的杀虫剂产生抗药性，从而实现可持续的有效控制。我们讨论了几种制造此类杀虫剂的潜在选择，重点是生物杀虫剂。
