Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
Prog Lipid Res. 2015 Jan;57:40-54. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.12.001. Epub 2015 Jan 6.
Lipase catalyzes hydrolysis of fats in lipid water interphase and perform variety of biotransformation reactions under micro aqueous conditions. The major sources include microbial lipases; among these yeast and fungal lipases are of special interest because they can carry out various stereoselective reactions. These lipases are highly diverse and are categorized into three classes on the basis of oxyanion hole: GX, GGGX and Y. The detailed phylogenetic analysis showed that GX family is more diverse than GGGX and Y family. Sequence and structural comparisons revealed that lipases are conserved only in the signature sequence region. Their characteristic structural determinants viz. lid, binding pocket and oxyanion hole are hotspots for mutagenesis. Few examples are cited in this review to highlight the multidisciplinary approaches for designing novel enzyme variants with improved thermo stability and substrate specificity. In addition, we present a brief account on biotechnological applications of lipases. Lipases have also gained attention as virulence factors, therefore, we surveyed the role of lipases in yeast physiology related to colonization, adhesion, biofilm formation and pathogenesis. The new genomic era has opened numerous possibilities to genetically manipulate lipases for food, fuel and pharmaceuticals.
脂肪酶在脂-水界面催化脂肪水解，并在微水条件下进行多种生物转化反应。主要来源包括微生物脂肪酶；其中酵母和真菌脂肪酶特别有趣，因为它们可以进行各种立体选择性反应。这些脂肪酶具有高度的多样性，根据氧阴离子穴可分为三类：GX、GGGX 和 Y。详细的系统发育分析表明，GX 家族比 GGGX 和 Y 家族更具多样性。序列和结构比较表明，脂肪酶仅在特征序列区域保守。其特征结构决定因素，如盖子、结合口袋和氧阴离子穴，是诱变的热点。本文引用了一些例子来说明设计具有改善热稳定性和底物特异性的新型酶变体的多学科方法。此外，我们还简要介绍了脂肪酶的生物技术应用。脂肪酶也因其毒力因子而受到关注，因此，我们调查了脂肪酶在与定植、粘附、生物膜形成和发病机制相关的酵母生理学中的作用。新的基因组时代为遗传操纵脂肪酶以用于食品、燃料和制药开辟了无数可能性。
