Chapman Shawna L Carroll, Wu Li-Tzy
Epidemiol Rev. 2015;37(1):86-102. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxu008. Epub 2015 Jan 16.
Individuals with chronic pain often report using cigarettes to cope, and smoking and chronic pain appear prevalent among US veterans. Pain may be a barrier to cigarette cessation and abstinence in this population. Because of physiological effects, smoking cigarettes may also interfere with pain management. A better understanding of how cigarette use relates to pain may assist in veteran cigarette cessation and pain management efforts. To assist these efforts, we searched the literature using keywords, such as "pain," "smoking," and "veteran," to identify 23 journal articles published from 1993 to 2013 that reported on studies examining pain and smoking variables among military or veteran populations. Studies found that veterans reported using cigarettes to cope with pain, there was greater occurrence of pain and disability among smokers in the military, and smoking increased the odds of veterans receiving an opioid prescription for pain and misusing opioids. Studies also found increased odds of pain and smoking among Veterans Health Administration patients with post-traumatic stress disorder when compared with those without post-traumatic stress disorder. Studies support an interaction between pain and smoking among veterans. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. Future studies focused on this interaction would benefit veteran populations.
患有慢性疼痛的个体常称会借助吸烟来缓解，而且吸烟和慢性疼痛在美国退伍军人中似乎很普遍。疼痛可能是该人群戒烟和保持戒烟状态的一个障碍。由于生理效应，吸烟也可能干扰疼痛管理。更好地理解吸烟与疼痛之间的关系，可能有助于退伍军人的戒烟和疼痛管理工作。为推动这些工作，我们使用“疼痛”“吸烟”和“退伍军人”等关键词检索文献，以找出1993年至2013年发表的23篇期刊文章，这些文章报道了对军人或退伍军人人群中疼痛和吸烟变量的研究。研究发现，退伍军人称会借助吸烟来应对疼痛，军队中吸烟者出现疼痛和残疾的情况更多，而且吸烟增加了退伍军人因疼痛获得阿片类药物处方及滥用阿片类药物的几率。研究还发现，与没有创伤后应激障碍的退伍军人健康管理局患者相比，患有创伤后应激障碍的患者出现疼痛和吸烟的几率更高。研究支持退伍军人中疼痛与吸烟之间存在相互作用。然而，这种关系背后的机制仍不清楚。未来针对这种相互作用开展的研究将造福退伍军人人群。
