Kuussaari Mikko, Saarinen Matias, Korpela Eeva-Liisa, Pöyry Juha, Hyvönen Terho
Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre P.O. Box 140, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland.
Castréninkatu 10 b 17 FI-00530, Helsinki, Finland.
Ecol Evol. 2014 Oct;4(19):3800-11. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1187. Epub 2014 Sep 12.
Mobility is a key factor determining lepidopteran species responses to environmental change. However, direct multispecies comparisons of mobility are rare and empirical comparisons between butterflies and moths have not been previously conducted. Here, we compared mobility between butterflies and diurnal moths and studied species traits affecting butterfly mobility. We experimentally marked and released 2011 butterfly and 2367 moth individuals belonging to 32 and 28 species, respectively, in a 25 m × 25 m release area within an 11-ha, 8-year-old set-aside field. Distance moved and emigration rate from the release habitat were recorded by species. The release experiment produced directly comparable mobility data in 18 butterfly and 9 moth species with almost 500 individuals recaptured. Butterflies were found more mobile than geometroid moths in terms of both distance moved (mean 315 m vs. 63 m, respectively) and emigration rate (mean 54% vs. 17%, respectively). Release habitat suitability had a strong effect on emigration rate and distance moved, because butterflies tended to leave the set-aside, if it was not suitable for breeding. In addition, emigration rate and distance moved increased significantly with increasing body size. When phylogenetic relatedness among species was included in the analyses, the significant effect of body size disappeared, but habitat suitability remained significant for distance moved. The higher mobility of butterflies than geometroid moths can largely be explained by morphological differences, as butterflies are more robust fliers. The important role of release habitat suitability in butterfly mobility was expected, but seems not to have been empirically documented before. The observed positive correlation between butterfly size and mobility is in agreement with our previous findings on butterfly colonization speed in a long-term set-aside experiment and recent meta-analyses on butterfly mobility.
迁移能力是决定鳞翅目物种对环境变化响应的关键因素。然而，直接对多种物种的迁移能力进行比较的情况很少见，而且此前尚未对蝴蝶和蛾类进行过实证比较。在此，我们比较了蝴蝶和昼行性蛾类的迁移能力，并研究了影响蝴蝶迁移能力的物种特征。我们在一块11公顷、已休耕8年的田地中一个25米×25米的释放区域内，分别对属于32个和28个物种的2011只蝴蝶和2367只蛾类个体进行了实验标记和释放。按物种记录了从释放栖息地移动的距离和迁出率。释放实验在18种蝴蝶和9种蛾类中产生了可直接比较的迁移能力数据，重新捕获了近500个个体。就移动距离（分别为平均315米和63米）和迁出率（分别为平均54%和17%）而言，发现蝴蝶比尺蛾更具迁移能力。释放栖息地的适宜性对迁出率和移动距离有很强的影响，因为如果休耕地不适合繁殖，蝴蝶往往会离开。此外，迁出率和移动距离随着体型增大而显著增加。当分析中纳入物种间的系统发育相关性时，体型的显著影响消失了，但栖息地适宜性对移动距离仍具有显著影响。蝴蝶比尺蛾具有更高的迁移能力，这在很大程度上可以用形态差异来解释，因为蝴蝶飞行能力更强。释放栖息地适宜性在蝴蝶迁移能力中的重要作用在意料之中，但之前似乎尚未有实证记录。观察到的蝴蝶体型与迁移能力之间的正相关与我们之前在长期休耕实验中关于蝴蝶定殖速度的研究结果以及最近关于蝴蝶迁移能力的荟萃分析一致。
