Fischer D, Van Waeyenberghe L, Cray C, Gross M, Usleber E, Pasmans F, Martel A, Lierz M
Avian Dis. 2014 Dec;58(4):587-98. doi: 10.1637/10831-032714-Reg.
Antemortem diagnosis of avian aspergillosis is very challenging. Diagnostic assays using blood samples would aid in an early and more definitive diagnosis. In the current study, detection of anti-Aspergillus antibodies, Aspergillus antigen, and Aspergillus toxin (fumigaclavine A), protein electrophoresis and measurement of acute-phase protein concentrations were performed on serum of 18 adult and plasma of 21 juvenile gyr-saker hybrid falcons (Falco rusticolus x Falco cherrug). Adult (n = 15) and juvenile (n = 18) falcons were experimentally inoculated with different dosages of the same strain of Aspergillus fumigatus and an additional three falcons from each age group were used as uninfected control animals. Blood samples were collected prior to inoculation and at 28 days postinoculation. Of the 33 inoculated falcons, 16 demonstrated clinical signs (vomiting, greenish urates, dyspnea, ruffled feathers) commonly associated with aspergillosis and in 14 falcons necropsy revealed aspergillosis granulomas confirmed by mycology and histopathology. Positive galactomannan results were rare, with only 3/15 positive samples from adult falcons and none in the juvenile birds. Most of the inoculated falcons showed an increase of serum amyloid A (66.7%) and haptoglobin (70.4%), but fumigaclavine A was not detected in the blood from any of the experimental animals. Elevated antibody indices were detected in 96.7% of the inoculated birds, but also in 66.7% of the controls. Significant decreases in albumin:globulin ratio were obvious in 81.5% of the inoculated birds, including 100% of the birds with granulomas. Blood from falcons with granulomas demonstrated significantly increased concentration values of alpha 2 and β globulins, decreased percentages of prealbumin and albumin, and increased percentages of alpha 2 and β globulins compared to inoculated falcons without granulomas. In conclusion, acute-phase proteins and the electrophoretic profile of birds challenged with A. fulmigatus show significant alterations, which in combination with other diagnostic procedures, assist in the early diagnosis of avian aspergillosis.
禽曲霉菌病的生前诊断极具挑战性。使用血液样本的诊断检测有助于早期做出更明确的诊断。在本研究中，对18只成年矛隼-猎隼杂交幼鹰（矛隼×猎隼）的血清和21只幼年矛隼-猎隼杂交幼鹰的血浆进行了抗曲霉菌抗体、曲霉菌抗原和曲霉菌毒素（烟曲霉黄柄曲菌素A）的检测、蛋白质电泳以及急性期蛋白浓度的测定。成年（n = 15）和幼年（n = 18）猎鹰被实验性接种不同剂量的同一株烟曲霉菌，每个年龄组另外三只猎鹰用作未感染的对照动物。在接种前和接种后28天采集血液样本。在33只接种的猎鹰中，16只表现出通常与曲霉菌病相关的临床症状（呕吐、绿色尿酸盐、呼吸困难、羽毛蓬乱），14只猎鹰的尸检显示曲霉菌肉芽肿，经真菌学和组织病理学证实。半乳甘露聚糖检测结果呈阳性的情况很少见，成年猎鹰中只有3/15的样本呈阳性，幼年鸟类中无一例阳性。大多数接种的猎鹰血清淀粉样蛋白A（66.7%）和触珠蛋白（70.4%）升高，但在任何实验动物的血液中均未检测到烟曲霉黄柄曲菌素A。在96.7%的接种鸟类中检测到抗体指数升高，但在66.7%的对照鸟类中也检测到升高。81.5%的接种鸟类白蛋白与球蛋白比值显著降低，包括100%有肉芽肿的鸟类。与没有肉芽肿的接种猎鹰相比，有肉芽肿的猎鹰血液中α2和β球蛋白的浓度值显著升高，前白蛋白和白蛋白的百分比降低，α2和β球蛋白的百分比升高。总之，用烟曲霉攻击的鸟类的急性期蛋白和电泳图谱显示出显著变化，这些变化与其他诊断程序相结合，有助于禽曲霉菌病的早期诊断。
