Valladão G M R, Gallani S U, Pilarski F
Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology, Aquaculture Center of São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Oct;38(5):417-28. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12202. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
Intensification of livestock rearing often promotes an increase in inappropriate practices that disregard care for the environment, animal health, and workers' health. Intensive fish farming systems are often associated with higher stocking density and massive use of artificial feed. Currently, outbreaks of parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases act as major limiting factors for fish farming, meaning that producers have to make use of massive amounts of antibiotics, disinfectants, and pesticides in order to control mortality and avoid huge economic losses. Because of adverse effects on the aquatic environment, terrestrial organisms, and human health (both fish handlers and consumers), this therapy has been criticized. Use of herbal medicines within animal production has shown promise, in that it is natural and biodegradable and has antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including those relating to fish. Recently, researchers have reported promising effects from many herbal medicines for treating parasitic diseases caused by protozoa and metazoa, and broad activity against bacteria and fungi. This review addresses the current issues regarding indiscriminate use of chemicals and antibiotics in aquaculture and discusses the main findings and methodologies of the latest research on herbal medicines to stimulate and accelerate research in this field, especially in developing countries.
集约化畜牧养殖常常促使忽视环境保护、动物健康和工人健康的不当行为增多。集约化养鱼系统往往与更高的养殖密度和大量使用人工饲料有关。目前，寄生虫病、细菌病和真菌病的爆发成为养鱼业的主要限制因素，这意味着养殖者不得不大量使用抗生素、消毒剂和杀虫剂来控制死亡率并避免巨大的经济损失。由于对水生环境、陆地生物和人类健康（包括鱼类处理人员和消费者）产生不利影响，这种治疗方法受到了批评。在动物生产中使用草药已显示出前景，因为它天然且可生物降解，并且对包括与鱼类相关的各种病原体具有抗菌活性。最近，研究人员报告了许多草药在治疗由原生动物和后生动物引起的寄生虫病方面的良好效果，以及对细菌和真菌的广泛活性。本综述阐述了水产养殖中化学品和抗生素滥用的当前问题，并讨论了草药最新研究的主要发现和方法，以促进和加速该领域的研究，特别是在发展中国家。
