1INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SPAIN; 2Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, SPAIN; 3Altitude Training Center of Sierra Nevada, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Granada, SPAIN; 4Department of Sports Medicine and Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, GERMANY; and 5Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 Sep;47(9):1965-78. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000626.
This controlled, nonrandomized, parallel-groups trial investigated the effects on performance, V˙O2 and hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) of four preparatory in-season training interventions: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 and 4 wk (Hi-Hi3, Hi-Hi), living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo, 4 wk), and living and training at sea level (SL) (Lo-Lo, 4 wk).
From 61 elite swimmers, 54 met all inclusion criteria and completed time trials over 50- and 400-m crawl (TT50, TT400), and 100 (sprinters) or 200 m (nonsprinters) at best stroke (TT100/TT200). Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and HR were measured with an incremental 4 × 200 m test. Training load was estimated using cumulative training impulse method and session RPE. Initial measures (PRE) were repeated immediately (POST) and once weekly on return to SL (PostW1 to PostW4). tHbmass was measured in duplicate at PRE and once weekly during the camp with CO rebreathing. Effects were analyzed using mixed linear modeling.
TT100 or TT200 was worse or unchanged immediately at POST, but improved by approximately 3.5% regardless of living or training at SL or altitude after at least 1 wk of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo achieved greater improvement 2 (5.3%) and 4 wk (6.3%) after the camp. Hi-HiLo also improved more in TT400 and TT50 2 (4.2% and 5.2%, respectively) and 4 wk (4.7% and 5.5%) from return. This performance improvement was not linked linearly to changes in V˙O2max or tHbmass.
A well-implemented 3- or 4-wk training camp may impair performance immediately but clearly improves performance even in elite swimmers after a period of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo for 4 wk improves performance in swimming above and beyond altitude and SL controls through complex mechanisms involving altitude living and SL training effects.
本对照非随机平行组试验旨在研究 4 种赛前备赛训练干预措施对运动员表现、摄氧量（V˙O2）和血红蛋白质量（tHbmass）的影响，这 4 种干预措施分别为：中海拔生活和训练 3 周和 4 周（Hi-Hi3 和 Hi-Hi4）、高海拔生活和高海拔/低海拔训练（Hi-HiLo，4 周）、以及海平面生活和训练（Lo-Lo，4 周）。
共有 61 名精英游泳运动员参加了本次试验，其中 54 名运动员满足所有纳入标准，完成了 50 米和 400 米自由泳计时赛（TT50 和 TT400），以及最佳划频下的 100 米（短距离运动员）或 200 米（长距离运动员）计时赛（TT100 和 TT200）。递增式 4×200 米测试测量最大摄氧量（V˙O2max）和心率。采用累积训练负荷冲击法和每节训练课的主观疲劳感觉评估（RPE）来估计训练负荷。在试验开始时（PRE）重复进行初始测量，返回海平面后每周测量一次（PostW1 到 PostW4）。在试验营地，使用 CO 再呼吸法每两周测量一次 tHbmass。使用混合线性模型进行效果分析。
即刻（POST）时，无论运动员在海平面或高海拔生活和训练，100 米或 200 米计时赛的成绩都变得更差或保持不变，但至少在 1 周的海平面恢复期后，成绩会提高约 3.5%。高海拔/低海拔训练营地后 2 周（5.3%）和 4 周（6.3%），成绩的改善更为显著。高海拔/低海拔训练营地后 2 周（4.2%和 5.2%）和 4 周（4.7%和 5.5%），400 米和 50 米计时赛的成绩也有显著改善。这种运动表现的提高与 V˙O2max 或 tHbmass 的变化没有线性关系。
精心实施的 3 或 4 周训练营地可能会立即损害运动员的表现，但在运动员经历了一段时间的海平面恢复期后，会明显提高运动员的表现。高海拔/低海拔训练 4 周通过复杂的机制，包括高海拔生活和海平面训练的影响，提高了游泳成绩，超出了高海拔和海平面控制的影响。
