Review of impacts of physical activity on maternal metabolic health during pregnancy.

Our purpose was to review relations between physical activity during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and other maternal metabolic markers (i.e., lipids, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin six (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin). While observational studies indicate a protective effect of physical activity on gestational diabetes, interventions that promote recommended levels of physical activity during pregnancy (i.e., 150+ min/week) have failed to show significant effects. However, interventions have been often underpowered and with low protocol adherence. Maternal lipids, TNFα, IL-6, and leptin all increase and adiponectin decreases with a healthy pregnancy. Although the evidence base is small, preliminary results indicate a beneficial effect of physical activity on lowering triglycerides, TNFα, and leptin levels while increasing muscle-derived IL-6 levels during pregnancy. Future studies are needed to examine relationships among prospectively measured physical activity and metabolic markers throughout pregnancy, as well as theoretically based physical activity interventions to prevent gestational diabetes.